Comprehension check. 1. What is permeability?

1. What is permeability?

2. What is porosity?

3. Can soil or rock by porous and not permeable? Permeable but not porous?

4. What is the capillary fringe and how does it form?

5. What is an aquifer and how does water reach it?

6. What is called speleothems?

7. What is karst topography? How can it be recognized?

Word-building.

a) Give nouns to the following verbs:

to appear; to saturate; to exploit; to pollute; to detect; to attract; to connect; to transmit; to accumulate; to aerate; to moisten; to react; to accommodate; to precipitate; to remove; to derive; to add.

b) State to what part of speech each word belong and translate them into Russian:

axis – axes; astronomy – astronomic – astronomer; crust – crustal; dense – density; entire – entirely; equator – equatorial; explode – explosion; extend – extension – extensive; flat – flatten – flattened; metal – metallic – metalize – metallization; part – partial – partially; press – pressure; sphere – spherical – spheroid; transmit – transmission.

Lexical exercise.

a) Give English equivalents of the following words and expressions;

грунтовая вода; пористость пород и почвы; проницаемость (фильтрация); пропитывать землю; уровень грунтовых вод; пополнять грунтовые воды; сохранять влажность; создавать формы рельефа (топографию местности); спелеотемы; карстовая воронка.

b) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:

1..... saturates the Earth’s crust in a zone between a few meters and a few kilometers below the surface.

2. In the upper layer of the Earth, bedrock and soil.... small cracks and voids that are filled with air or ground water.

3..... is the ability of rock or soil to transmit water.

4. When rain falls, it usually.... into the ground.

5. The water table is the top of the....

6. Topsoil usually contains abundant.... and.... which retain moisture.

7. During a wet season, rain.... into the ground.... the ground water.

8. Most caverns form at or below....

9. If the roof of a cavern collapses,.... forms on the Earth’s surface.

10. Caverns and sinkholes are common features of....

c) Translate into English:

1. В верхней части Земли коренная порода и почва содержат маленькие трещины и пустоты, которые заполнены воздухом или грунтовой водой.

2. Несцементированный песок и гравий могут быть как пористыми, так и проницаемыми, т.к. их поры большие и хорошо связаны между собой.

3. Дождевая вода взаимодействует с атмосферным углекислым газом и образует слабо кислый раствор, который может растворять известняк.

4. Высокая влажность пещеры препятствует быстрому испарению воды.