Will Woodward

Education editor

Note: redundancy = сокращение штатов

Упражнение V. Переведите письменно первую часть текста (I) и устно по предложениям - вторую часть (II). См. переводческий комментарий.

TRY SPELLING IMPERIALLEGACY

HONG KONG

THE FORMER BRITISH COLONY IS TRYING TO TRANSFORM ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM

WHATEVER else sustained the British empire tor so long, it was not Britain's education system. Its modern one still performs relatively poorly by most international comparisons. And unfortunately it exported the shortcomings of its earlier versions to many of its colonies, with Hong Kong suffering more than most Kai-ming Cheng, professor of education at the University of Hong Kong, has shown that in 1999. 23,000 candidates (18% of the total) sitting the major public examination at the end of secondary education in the former colony obtained no pass grades. They were "not fit tor further studies and they are not employable."

The defects in both Britain's and Hong Kong's education systems were disguised by the fact that most people were employed in the low-skill, mass-manufacturing sector that predominated in both countries. They did not seem to need much education. But in the past 20 years, Hong Kong and Britain have lost more jobs in manufacturing than anywhere else apart from South Africa. According to the World Bank, in 1999 only 20% of Hong Kong's workforce was in the manufacturing sector, and this is expected to fall even further to 16% in 2005. As Hong Kong has de-industrialised, its education system has been exposed as inadequate to compete in what educationalists call the "knowledge economy".

The British woke up to this problem in the 1990s. Tony Blair's rallying cry for his first Labour government was "education, education, education". And it is only since the handover ofthe colony to China in 1997 that the new Hong Kong government has started to tackle this aspect of the colonial legacy. Education reform is one of the few areas where the government of the special administrative region enjoys widespread support.

In September 2000, Hong Kong's government published its reform proposals for the education system. The emphasis is now very much on a "lifelong learning society", to enable everyone toacquire new skills even after they have left school. Hong Kong is aiming to get away from itsold system of learning by rote, in which pupils were endlessly drilled for a tew very academic exams. The emphasis now is on encouraging pupils to think tor themselves, and todevelop flexible learning skills that will enable 60% of 18-30 year olds to be in tertiary education by 2010.

It Hong Kong is to retain its status as a major economic power in Asia, everyone agreed that modernising the archaic British education system is essential. A close observer of the problem, not usually given to exaggeration, said, "Hong Kong's survival is at stake."

The Economist, February 23 2003

Note: manufacturing sector of industry - making articles by physical labour or machinery usually in large quontaties= mechanical production

Упражнение VI. Переведите на слух:

частные платные школы, tuition and board payment, tutor,сверка по списку, распорядок дня, единый образовательный стандарт, to learn by rote, гребля, хоккей на траве, unforgiving linoleum floors, министр образования теневого кабинета, кризис бюджета, redundancy, shortcomings, to obtain no pass grades

Упражнение VII. Запишите под диктовку цифры и прочтите их по-английски:

21, 34, 69, 24, 19, 18, 61, 17, 73, S4. 16, 71, 82, 93, 7, 66, 78. 82. 93. 99. 68, 44. 55, 70, 60, 80, 90, 13, 14, 99, 38, 28, 49,75,77,97, 10, 15, 66, 71, 30, 64, 87, 18, 29, 44, 57, 61, 24, 84, 18.

- How high can you count in English? - One, two, three... ten, Jack, Queen, and King.

ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ

Толковые одноязычные словари

Наиболее точное представление о смысловой структуре и употреблении иностранных слов переводчик может получить, обратившись к толковым одноязычным словарям конкретного иностранного языка.

Английские одноязычные словари. Переводчик в своей работе должен решать задачу двоякого рода: во-первых, выяснить значение неизвестного ему иностранного слова или второстепенное значение слова известного, а, во-вторых, получить сведения об оттенках значения и сочетаемости слова, чтобы точно его употреблять

В первом случае переводчику нужен как можно более полный словарь, такой, например, как Webster's 3rd New International Dictionary (600.000 слов), Longman Dictionary of Contempory English (two volumes), American Heritage Dictionary (200.000). Данные словари являются самыми полными из современных словарей. Впрочем, для указанной цели подходят и средние по

объему словари, такие, например, как Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (150.000) или Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (75,000). Эти словари ориентированы прежде всего на толкование слов, а не на их употребление. При этом в словаре Concise Oxford даются наиболее компактные, универсальные определения слов, что позволяет понять слова в их целостности.

Во втором случае (когда необходимо уяснить сочетаемость слов) предпочтительно пользоваться словарями, ориентированными на употребление; слов в тексте. Эти словари снабжены обширным аппаратом помет, которые указывают на синтаксическую функцию слов, включают большое количество примеров.

Урок 5

(University education) Словарь

Chancellorканцлер (номинальный глава университета,

назначается пожизненно, бывает в университете лишь на торжественныхцеремониях 1 - 2 раза в год.

М. P. (Member of Parliament) член парламента)

principal п. ректор университета (колледжа)

proctor п. проктор, надзиратель в университете

(обычно в Оксфордском, Кембриджском)

tutor п. руководитель группы студентов, наставник

tutorial п. практические занятия, консультации

don, fellowпреподаватель (разг.)

to staff укомплектовывать штаты

to allocate ассигновать

research work научно-исследовательская работа

degree п. диплом

bachelor's degree степень бакалавра (a first university degree in

any of several subjects)

master's degree ученая степень магистра

doctor's degree, syn. Doctorate ученая степень доктора

dissertation я студенческая работа во время учебы на

какую-либо самостоятельно выбранную тему

(a written treatment of a subject by a University student where he (she) gives his opinion supported by reasonable argument)

grant п. стипендия (обычно выплачивается

студентам из средств государственного бюджета).

(money given, esp. by the stale to a university or to a student during a period of study; e, g. She finds it difficult to live on her grant

Universal state financed high всеобщее высшее образование, финансируемое

education из государственного бюджета

rent n. арендная плата

(a stated sum of money paid regularly for the use room, television set, etc.)

tuition п. плата за обучение (payment for teaching: e. g.

He has already paid a year's tuition in physics)

loan п. что-л. данное взаймы или во временное

пользование (заём, ссуда), (something which is lent, esp money;

low-interest loans заём по низким процентам

e. g. How much interest do they charge on loans?

thesis п. диссертация.(е.g. a doctoral thesis: a long piece

of writing on a particular subject written for a higher university degree)

modest means-tested student grants стипендия, выдаваемая в зависимости от

средств семьи студента (an inquiry into the amount of money someone has; esp. to find out if a student has so little that he (she) can be given some money)

campus n территория университета, колледжа

(включает здание университета, церковь-капеллу, парк спортивные сооружения и т.д.)

academic dress университетская форма

chapel n церковь (капелла) (обычно при учебном

заведении)

to fine оштрафовать

to rusticate временно исключить из университета

St Andrews university старейший в Шотландии университет,

основанный в 1411 году, - Сент-Эндрус

Упражнение I. Тексты 1, 2, 3, 4 и 5 для перевода с листа по цепочке:

Текст 1 OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE

For most people in Great Britain the word "University" means either Oxford or Cambridge although there are 45 universities in the country.

The city of Oxford lies nottar from London,, There is no single building which is the University in Oxford. There are 30 colleges instead which are spread all over thecity and which together make up a University where 10 000 students study.

The head of the University as a whole is the Chancellor He is usually a well-known figure in public life, an M.P. who lives in London and plays only a small part in the running of the University.

The actual head is the Vice-Chancellor. He deals with the Questions of finance, staffing, relations with trade-unions, with government and outside world. The Vice-Chancellor is chosen from among the heads of the 30 colleges who are called the principals of colleges.

Each of the 30 colleges specializes in a different field Religion, however, is a compulsory subject in every college.

The names of the colleges show this close link of the University with the Church: Christ Church College, All Souls College, Jesus College, St. Anne's College, St. Catherine's College and so on.

Note: When both universities are mentioned the order is "Oxford and Cambridge" It is a custom of speech since Oxford is the older of the two universities

Текст 2

Most colleges are independent of the British government and must have their own financial resources to draw upon since the government allocates none Colleges' money comes from the students' tuition fees which are very high in Oxford as well as from investments, wills, gifts, "generosity and benefaction" of the wealthier members of a particular college. For instance, Christ Church college accepts annually gifts from the Queen thankful to the College for her father, King Charles I who lived here during the war Because of the lack of adequate financial backing no new buildings were errected on the campuses of most colleges during several centuries and no repair work was done.

In Britain the university year is from October to June, with three terms from eight to twelve weeks. Both in Oxford and Cambridge each student has a tutor to whom he goes every week: for a tutorial. At the tutorial they discuss the work in hand -generally an essay which the student has written that week. He also has some eight lectures a week which are not compulsory.

Текст 3

Graduating or gaining a degree is the aim of all University students. To get a degree, students usually have to stay at the University for at least three years, during which time they have to sit preliminary examinations as well as the final ones at the end of the course.

The first degree given a person by a college is that of a Bachelor. The Bachelor's degree, which is most common in Britain can be taken in a number of subjects. Arts degrees, for instance, may be taken in subjects ranging from English literature, classics and history to foreign languages A person who has obtained the first Arts degree will be known as a Bachelor of Arts. A Science degree can be taken in physics, mathematics, engineering economics. A person who has been given this degree is called a Bachelor of Science.

Same graduates then go on to more specialised research work in their own subject, and after submittingthe results oh their work, in the form of a thesis they may obtain either the Master's degree or a Doctorate - the highest degree given by a University

College graduates are not guaranteed any jobs. They have to recourse to public and private employment agencies to get a job which with unemployment in the country is not an easy thing.

Текст 4

The professors and lecturers of the University ("fellows") as well as the students ("undergraduates") must wear academic dress at lectures, in the University dining room, in Chapel and in the town streets after dark.

There is a special official in Oxford known as the "Proctor", whose duty is to see that this rule is obeyed.

Wearing his academic dress he walks about the chief streets of the town, accompanied by two college servants who are known as his bulldogs It a student is seen, without his cap or gown the bulldogs are told to catch him. When caught thestudent is taken to the Proctor who asks, "Your name and college, sir?" The student has to visit the principal of his college later, who orders him to pay a fine If the rule is disobeyed several times the principal may rusticate a student

Note: The academic dress includes such necessary articles as a cap. a black gown and a white tie. The origin of the dress goes to the middle ages

Текст 5 The English are great lovers of sports So each college has its teams tor all main

snorts, the most popular of which are rowing and cricket.

The University Boat Races are the oldest of the sporting competitions between

Oxford and Cambridge. The name given to the race competitions in the Summer

Term is May Week. Somebody once observed that it is called May Week because

it's held in June and lasts a fortnight.

The cricket sporting competitions between Oxford and Cambridgeare held in September (Michaelmas Term).

Упражнение II. Текст 6 для абзацно-фразового перевода с листа

Текст 6

By SARAN CASSIDY

Education Correspondent

Banker is told he cannot buy son a place at Oxford

THERE WAS a time when each year a number of places at Oxford University were reserved tor the offspring of major benefactors But money no longer appears to provide any such guarantee after it emerged that one of the university's most generous donors had withdrawn a pledge of £100,000 and severed links with hisold college after it rejected his son.

Philip Keevil, a prominent City banker who has already given more than £100,000 to the university over the past 15 years, expected his generosity to be rewarded with preferential treatment tor his children.

Universities have perhaps not yet realised that they can only really raise money from the old members That means they have to feel they belong and they are being fairly treated", he said.

Today his son, a British state school pupil won a scholarship to stud) at Harvard University in the United States.

The Independent September 2 2003

Упражнение III. Прочтите вслух вопрос и ответ, переведите их с листа:

Текст 7

FOR HIS 21ST BIRTHDAY PRINCE WILLIAM WAS INTERVIEWED BY THE PRESS ASSOCIATION ABOUT HIS LIFE AT ST ANDREWS

Q. William, how do the University dons treat you?

W. "Once they stopped trying to spy me at lectures then it was all very relaxed. I

try to attend as many lectures as I can but inevitably there are certain times when I never make them for lots of reasons. But I go to all my tutorials"

Q. We beard things were not always easy tor you?

W. No. I thought about quitting university after a year. But 1 was like most people, I think, when you first come to university.

"It's new surroundings, new scenery, and I wasn't quite sure what to expect. It's the same as starting school really and I was a little uneasy

"But I went home and talked to my father during the holidays and throughout that time debated about whether to come back - not seriously debating it - but it did cross my mind.

"My father was very understanding about it and realised I had the same problems as he probably had. He was very good about it and we chatted a lot and in the end we both realised, I definitely realised, that I had to come back.

Q. Is you room similar to that of the other students''

W. "I'm not particularly fussy about my room. I just want it to be somewhere I can relax, my own space. But I do have drapes up in my room. I like that because it makes it more cosy.

I've got to have a stereo - got to have music, I love my music. I don't like to play it loud.

I have a good view from my window of the dramatic coastline.

Q. Why dramatic? Don't you like to swim in the sea?

W. "I do swim in the sea but that really doesn't last very long. It's usually in and out, and I make a big fuss and shout how cold it is and then don't do it again for л while."

Q. Academically you are taking an unexpected path?

W. "Yes, I am teaching myself an East African language. I'm trying to teach myself Swahili which is something that has proved a little harder than Ithought"

Q. Why such a choice?

W. "It's because of my love of Africa. It's an odd language to learn but I wanted to do something that was very specialised. I love the people of Africa and I'd like to know more about them - and to speak to them.

"I've got a book and a book-tape. Like I say, I'm teaching myself. I have them in my room and they're collecting dust quite rapidly but I am trying to make progress." I might drop history of art to specialize in geography tor the final two years of the degree course. I am torn between the two. But I have to decide soon."

Q. You often praised your father's talent as a painter⁷

W. Yes, he's brilliant. He's very modest about it and he's always criticizing his own work. But I do actually really like it

Harry can paint but 1 can't. He has our father's talent while I am about the biggest idiot on a piece of canvas. I did a couple of drawings at Eton which were put on display. Teachers thought they were examples of modern an but in fact I was just trying to paint a house. I like traditional art. I love the Renaissance. It's fascinating because it's just so detailed and precise

More modern people - Picasso and his blue period. I do like that. He was revolutionary.

I did do my A-level history of art dissertation on Leonardo da Vinci's drawings which are in the Royal Collection, so I was very lucky".

Q. What about your future?

W. "I really haven't thought much about that I'm really just concentrating on getting through the next two years. I honestly haven't thought about what I'm going to do next

The media have been particularly good up here and I hope that continues. It's probably because of the media's considerate attitude that I've been able to have such a good time."

Q. Are you somehow involved in student polities''

W. I am aware of issues such as student loans and university tees. I do listen to what goes on and I know there are sensitive issues. There are some students who have just cause to be worried about loans and tees but most students here, as far as I know, don't get involved."

Q. Are you ever nervous?(His reply was unexpected.)

W. Little do you know.

The Guardian Friday, May 30 2001

Note: St Andrews [snt'ændr:z]-приморский город-курорт в графства Файф. Шотландия, там находится старейшин и Шотландии университет, основанный и 1411 год} а также известное поле для игры в гольф (golf course)

Упражнение IV. Текст для зрительно-устного перевода с листа по абзацам без предварительной подготовки

STUDENT SPELLING AND GRAMMAR' "CRISIS"

Rebecca Smithers Education correspondent

Standards of spelling and grammar among an entire generation of English-speaking university students are now so poor that there is "a degree of crisis" in their written use of the language, the publisher of a new dictionary warned yesterday.

The problem is not confined to Britain, but applies also to students in Australia Canada and the US.

Faye Carney, dictionaries publisher said: "We thought it would be useful to get in touch with lecturers, teachers and academics to find out what problems then students were having with their writing and what help they might need from a dictionary. The results were shocking.

Students were regularly found to be producing incomplete or rambling, poorly connected sentences, mixing metaphors "with gusto" and overusing dull, devalued words such as "interesting" and "good".

Overall they were unclear about appropriate punctuation, especially the use of commas, and failed to understand the basic rules of subject/verb agreement and the difference between "there" "then" and "they're".

Bethan Marshall, a lecturer in English at King's College London and a member of the London Association of Teachers of English, said:

"The type of student we're getting now is very different from what we were seeing 10 years ago and it is often worrying to find out how little students know. The emphasis on phonics in the teaching of English in England does. 1 think, make us worse at spelling. We fetishise spelling in this country, unlike in Germany where, it a word is regularly misspelled, then it is changed."

The Encarta dictionary for students has a list of 800 commonly misspelled words, and notes which distinguish between pairs of words pronounced similarly but spelled differently and which have different meaning - for example, "faze" and "phase", and "pray" and "prey".

"We are sure that the use of computers has played a part. People rely increasingly onautomatic tools such as spell-checks which are much more passive than going to a dictionary and looking something up. That can pull them into a false sense of security."

This has significant implications tor the future, especially tor young people.

The Independent. October 2001

Упражнение V. Переведите на слух:

The principal, научно-исследовательская работа, tuition, dons, proctor, степень бакалавра, dissertation, диссертация, grant, университетская форма, chapel, thesis. University chancellor, tutorial, master's degree, university fees, low-interest loan, to rusticate, to fine, tuition fees, заём по низким процентам, ректор университета, диссертация, campus, modest means-tested grants, плата за обучение, academic dress практические занятия, укомплектовывать штаты, диплом.

Повторите это задание несколько раз.

"I shall haveto give you ten days or $20 ' -"I'll take the $20, Judge"