Read the article carefully and answer these questions according to the information in the text

1) What do we need food for? Why do we need carbohydrates contained in food?

2) What does the word “carbohydrate” come from? What kinds of carbohydrates are there? (Enumerate them). What is the difference between them?

3) What is insulin? What are its functions?

4) What is a protein look like? Why do we need proteins contained in food?

5) What types of amino acids are there? (Enumerate them). What are the ways to get them?

6) What are the sources proteins come in our diets? What are the ways to supply your diet with all of the essential amino acids?

Language Development

! There is an adverb meaning ‘in that place’. When you want to say that something exists, begin the sentence with there + be+ noun phrase. There is also used as an introductory subject in sentences beginning there is/are, there seems to be, there might be etc. There can be used with all tenses of be and in tags. In the there + be pattern, there is an ‘empty’ grammatical word (not an adverb of place).

ǃ We don’t usually translate this pattern, e.g. There are many vitamins in this fruit. — В этом фрукте много витаминов. Sometimes it is translated as на этом месте, здесь, тут, там, есть, имеется, существует. e.g. There is/exists a number of amino acids. — Здесь присутствует (имеется) ряд аминокислот.

1. Find the sentences beginning with there + be in the article and translate them into Russian.

ǃ To talk about repeated actions or habits, permanent situations, general truths, give instructions, fixed future events, make suggestions and commentaries, observations and declarations, we use the Present Simple Tense (subject + verb). When the subject is 3^rd person singular, we use the –s form of the verb.

The Present Simple is also used with certain verbs not normally used in the progressive forms and refer to states rather than actions.

These are the groups of verbs:

- verbs of the mind and thinking: believe, think, consider, understand, suppose, expect, agree, know, remember; forget, doubt, mean, mind.

- verbs of emotion and feeling: like, dislike, hate, love, want, wish, prefer, care.

- verbs of the senses: see, smell, taste, hear.

- verbs of possession: have, possess, belong to, own.

- certain other verbs: concern, depend on, include, need, owe, seem and others.

Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous tenses when the verb expresses an activity, not a state. However the meaning changes slightly.

Compare:

I think it's a great idea. (think as opinion, i.e. a state).

He's thinking of emigrating. (think as mental process, i.e.an activity).

2. Look at this sentence from the article and underline the Present Simple Tense: The word “carbohydrate” comes from the fact that glucose is made up of carbon and water. Find and underline other examples in the text. Explain the usage.

ǃ To emphasize the action in a sentence, rather than the person who carries/carried out the action we use the Passive. To say who does the action of a passive verb, add by + noun phrase (agent) after the verb phrase.The passive form of the verb contains this pattern: subject + be + Past Participle + object.

Simple .; Modal pattern ;

Note: The passive is rare in ‘speech’, but common in academic ‘writing’.

3. Look at the sentence from the article: The word “carbohydrate” comes from the fact that glucose is made up of carbon and water. Find and underline other examples in the text (mind modal pattern).

4. Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1) to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal lining	a)
2) to oxidize the glucose to produce energy for the body	b)
3) to be low on or missing certain essential amino acids	c)
4) to flow in the bloodstream and be available to every cell in your body	d)
5) to promote the uptake of amino acids for making proteins	e)
6) to digest food and use it to keep your body alive	f)
7) to slow the breakdown of fatty acids	g)
8) to be joined by disulfide linkages	h)
9) to chain the glucose molecules together to form starch	i)
10) to break all proteins down into their amino acids	j)

5. Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1) пищеварительный тракт	a)
2) незаменимые (основные) аминокислоты	b)
3) накапливать энергию	c)
4) иметь высокое (или низкое) содержание крахмала	d)
5) требуется намного больше (дольше), чтобы расщепить крахмал	e)
6) поступать в кровоток со скоростью только две калории в минуту	f)
7) иметь как животный, так и растительный источник происхождения	g)
8) обеспечивать клетки строительным материалом	h)
9) жировая ткань	i)
10) облегчить накопление глюкозы и ее переход в жирные кислоты	j)