2015-05-13
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Part 1
Participle I
Participle I has two forms: present and perfect. Present participle in the active voice is formed by adding ending -ing to the verb and translated by Russian participle of the active voice:
to buy - buying - покупать - покупающий.
Present participle has also a passive form which is formed in the following way:
being + V3 (Ved) and is translated by Russian participle of the passive voice:
being bought - покупаемый или тот, который покупают.
Perfect Participle has also both passive and active forms:
an active form: having bought - купив;
a passive form: having been bought - будучи купленный.
In the sentence it can play a few roles:
1. it can play the role of an attribute and be placed before or after a subject. In this case it is translated by a participle in an active voice or a subordinate clause.
E.g.: A number of animals living on the Earth eat plants. - Ряд животных, живущих (или которые живут) на земле, питаются растениями.
2. It can play the role of an adverb and be placed at the beginning of a sentence or at the end of a sentence. In this case it is translated by the Russian verbal participle. E.g.: Taking into account this news we decided to change our plans. - Принимая во внимание эту новость мы решили изменить наши планы.
3. It can play the role of a parenthetical word:
allowing for - принимая во внимание;
assuming that - полагая, что;
judging by - судя;
putting it mildly - мягко говоря;
roughly speaking - грубо говоря.
4. It can also play the role of a subject and is translated by a verbal noun, e.g.: Substituting carbon for this substance will reduce environmental pollution - Замена углерода на это вещество позволит снизить уровень загрязнения окружающей среды.
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Vocabulary
admixture - примесь
limited scope - ограниченная сфера применения
hydrochloric acid - соляная кислота
residue - остаток, осадок
powder- порошок
affinity - сродство
ketal - кетал
partake - участвовать
convention - условие
abstraction - отделение
nitrosation - нитрование
