2015-05-23
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In OE there were no analytical forms; they appeared in ME in all Germanic langs and consisted of two elements; 1) a verb of broad semantics (to be, to have) and high frequency; 2) non-finite forms (inf., PI/II). They are Perfect Passive. Future, Cont, Do-forms.
The rise of Perfect forms
1.habbant (transitive verb)/ beon (intransiuve verb) +PII
beon in ME ceased(прекращает) to be used not to confuse Perfect withPassive. 2. In ME also inf. and Participle acquired(преобритать) Perfect forms.
The rise of Passive forms
1. beon/ weorÞ (died out in ME) от переходных глаголов +PII. The Pass. Inf., consisting of beon plus Part. II, is found in OE texts. В с-а гл weorÞan уходит из употребления. Остается 1 глагол д/выражения пассива - bēon. Форма глагола "быть" утратила свое лексич значение. 2.Passive constructions were often used with prepositions by/with to show the doer(исполнитель) of the action and the instrument. В с-а предлог "by" еще не употреблялся (только в конце р-н-а), а были of, from, mid, with, through.
The rise of the Future forms
1. Analytical Future Tense forms developed from OE verbs Sculan/willan"+inf. 2. 13-14 cent. — Future Tense forms became very common "willan/scullan were completely interchangeable.(взаимозамен-й)
3.17lb cent. John Wales established rule - 'shall" – first person, will" - 2/3 person 4.present day tendency “will” is used with ail(нездоровый) persons
The rise of the Continuous Forms OE "beon" +PI - denoted a quality of a lasting(продолж-й) state of the subject. ME in ME this form fell into disuse. NE in the NE there were two forms to show continuous aspect (be+PI/ be +preposition "on"). In the 18 cent. Cont. forms were well established(принята). 19th cent - Cont. forms appear in Passive*, before this time such forms were considered clumsy and a grammatical.
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The rise of the do-forms 1. do-forms (do-periphrasis) appeared in Past and Present in Indicative Mood.2. do-forms were used in negative, affirmative(положит-й) and interrogative scents and freely interchanged with simple forms - without do (16-17 cent) (ex. Did you hear this/ Heard you this? don't know/ I know not; I do like ice cream/ I like ice-cream)3. 17 cent, do-forms only in negative and interrogative sents.
В р-на период развивается употребление глагола do как вспомогательного. В XVI — XVII вв. формы настоящего и прошедшего времени часто образуются из сочетания «do + инфинитив». 18в. Do как вспом.глагол сохранился лишь там, где он получал доп.грамм.значение: 1)для образования отриц.формы глагола 2) для образования вопросит.формы глагола 3) для образования эмфатической формы глагола.
