Ex. 9 p. 143

1. cat / mew; 2. sheep / baa; 3. lion / roar; 4. cock / cock-a-doodle-do; 5. frog / croak; 6. cow / moo; 7. horse / whinny; 8. duck / quack; 9. sparrow / twitter; 10. dog / houl.

Ex. 3 p. 145

1. d 2. c 3. b. 4. a

Ex. 3 p. 149

1. d 2. b 3. g 4. e 5. a 6. e 7. c 8. a 9. h 10. j 11. f 12. j 13. e 14. d 15. i

Ex. 7 p. 151

1. c 2. a 3 d 4 h 5. b 6. f 7. e 8. g

Ex. 9 p. 152

1) silly – degradation

2) camp – generalization

3) dole – specialization

4) demon – degradation

5) pretty – elevation

6) cabaret – specialization

7) holiday – generalization

8) fowl – specialization

9) mistress – degradation

10) disease – specialization

11) box – generalization

12) fond – elevationё

13) span – generalization

14) sell – specialization

15) charge – generalization

16) scent – elevation

17) cretin – degradation

Ex. 5 p. 160

1. semantic field; 2. thematic group; 3. lexico-semantic group.

Ex. 6 p. 160

Crime: robbery, burglary, theft, shoplifting, fraud, carjacking, assault, mugging, murder, rape, criminal, thief, crook, burglar, mugger, robber, pickpocket, rapist, offender, lawbreaker, crime, offence, felony, misdemeanour, organized crime, war crime, innocent, arrested, police, station, prison, witness, eyewitness.

Environment: bottle bank, recycle, ozone, sustainable energy, temperature, waste paper, throw away, litter, habitat, activist, ecologist, renewable energy, landscape, greenhouse effect, petrol, oil spills, carbon dioxide.

Word: anagram, anaphor, antonym, back-formation, charade, cognate, contraction, deictic, derivative, diminutive, dirty word, disyllable, four-letter word, frame, function word, good word, headword, homonym, hypernym, hyponym, key word, lexicalize, loanblend, loanword, metonymy, monosyllable, neologism, nonce word, palindrome, polysemant, polysyllable, quantifier, reduplication, substantive, synonym, term, terminology.

Ex. 7 p. 161

School – teacher, private – tutor, university – lecturer, football – coach, driving – instructor, racehorse – trainer.

Ex. 8 p. 161

1. hang; 2. come; 3. run; 4. apply; 5. show; 6. exercise.

Ex. 1 p. 163

1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. c

Ex. 5 p. 163

1. phonetic change; 2. conversion; 3. shortening; 4. split of polysemy; 5. borrowing.

Ex. 6 p. 169

1) contraries; 2) contraries; 3) contraries; 4) contradictories; 5) contraries; 6) contradictories; 7) contraries; 8) contradictories; 9) contraries; 10) contraries; 11) contraries; 12) contraries; 13) contradictories.

Ex. 7 p. 169

1) conversives; 2) vectorial antonyms; 3) vectorial antonyms; 4) conversives; 5) vectorial antonyms; 6) conversives; 7) vectorial antonyms; 8) conversives; 9) vectorial antonyms; 10) conversives; 11) conversives.

Ex. 11 p. 170

Deny – admit; sink – float; improbable – likely; ineptitude – ability; subtle – obvious; deferential – disrespectful; cramped – spacious; gloomy – bright; elaborate – simple; zealous – lazy; victory – defeat.

Ex. 12 p. 170

1. k 2. c 3. o 4. d 5. e 6. g. 7. h 8. j 9. a 10. l 11. m 12. b 13. n 14. p. 15. i 16. f

Ex. 4 p. 173

1. i 2. g 3. h 4. a 5. d 6. f 7. e 8. 9. j c 10. b