Questions to Text A

1. What are the aircraft instruments?

2. What is the purpose of the aircraft instruments?

3. How are they classified?

4. Are they concerned with the behaviour of the engines, the speed, height and attitude of the aircraft and its whereabouts?

5. What are the main instruments concerned with flight information?

6. Is an altimeter an instrument for measuring or showing height?

7. Does the vertical speed indicate the speed of climb or descent?

8. What is the horizontal speed measured by?

9. The attitude of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth is shown by an "artificial" or "gyro" horizon, isn't it?

10. What is an elementary direction-measuring instrument?

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Text B

Aircraft instruments (part II)

Instruments Concerned with Propulsion Information

Speed. Engine speeds are measured and shown on rpm indicators which measure the revolutions per minute of the main rotor in each engine.

Temperature. The temperature of each engine on an aircraft is measured and shown on a temperature indicator.

Pressure. A manifold pressure gauge is an instrument for measuring the absolute pressure in the induction system (a branched pipe for distributing air or a mixture to a number of cylinders) at a point standardized for each engine.

Instruments Concerned with Information about Fuel

Fuel Content. Fuel tank contents indicators show how much fuel the aircraft has left at any moment of time.

Fuel Flow. The fuel consumption of each engine is measured by fuel flowmeters calibrated in kilos per minute.

Instruments Concerned with Information about

Conditions on the Outside of the Airframe

Temperature. The outside air temperature (OAT) gauge gives the pilot general information about the temperature of the air immediately surrounding the airframe.

Pressure. It is important to know the pressure inside the passenger cabin because it must be neither too high nor too low for human comfort. It is also important to know the difference between the air pressure outside the cabin and the air pressure inside it because it represents a force exerted in normal circumstances in an outwards direction.

Instruments Concerned with Information about the Aircraft's