Essential vocabulary

1. include vt to bring in, to regard as part of the whole: This atlas contains fifty maps, including six of North America. The price is ten dollars, postage included.

Ant. exclude (from) 1) to prevent smb from getting in somewhere, as to exclude a person from membership of a society, immigrants from a country. 2) to prevent the chance of smth arising, as to exclude all possibility of doubt

inclusion n including or being included: The inclusion of several new themes made the novel much more interesting.

inclusive a including: Russian students' winter holidays last from January 25 to February 6 inclusive.

Ant. exclusive (of people, societies, clubs, etc.) The exclusive right of a company to print, publish and sell author's boob is known as copyright.

2. account vt/i 1) for a) to explain the cause of; serve as an expla­
nation of, answer (to smb for smth): He has been asked to account for
his conduct. Ah, that accounts for it. There's no accounting for tastes.
b) to give a reckoning of (money that has been entrusted to one): The
boy has to account to his parents for the money they give him for school
expenses. 2) to consider, as to account smb wise (a hero): In English
law a man is accounted innocent until he is proved guilty.

account n 1) a statement of money (to be) paid or received for goods or services: / would like to open an account with your bank. Put the goods down to my account 2) a credit arrangement with a bank or business firm.

to square (balance) accounts with smb (fig.) to remove moral grievances between people by giving or taking punishment: Let us square accounts. David said he was going to square accounts with the man who had given false testimony against him.

3) a report, description, narrative: By all accounts the trip has been a success. He doesn't believe newspaper accounts of the new develop­ments there. 4) consideration

to take smth into account, to take no account of smth: Please take into account the fact that he has very little money. Take no account of such slanderous gossip, we know it's not true.

5) reason, cause

on account of because of: On account of his agejhe wasn't allowed into the pub.

on no account, not on any account in no case, for no reason: Don't on any account leave the baby alone in the house.

accountant n

Syn. book-keeper

3. preserve vt 1) to keep from spoiling, from decay, from risk of
going bad (by boiling, pickling, making into jam, etc.) as to pre­
serve fruit, eggs, milk, vegetables: It's easy to preserve vegetables in
vinegar.

to preserve monuments to keep from harm: The ancient monu­ment was preserved by the local people.

2) to keep up, as to preserve peace, to preserve one's eyesight, to preserve the memory of another, to preserve one's looks, strength, composure, to preserve appearances, silence, to preserve old cus­toms, a well-preserved old man, Don't read in poor light if you want to preserve your good eyesight. The leader's main aim was to preserve peace.

4. erratic a irregular in behaviour or opinion (of a person or his
behaviour); likely to do unusual or unexpected things: She's so errat­
ic I never know how she's going to react to my suggestions.

error n smth done wrong, a mistake, as spelling errors; an error of judgement: Not to commit an error of judgement he looked for more evidence.

err vt (formal) to make mistakes; to do or to be wrong: To err is human.

5. make vt/i 1) {used with a large number of nouns in special sens­
es) to make a clean breast of; to make a full disclosure or confession:
Susan is going to make a clean breast of her extravagance as soon as
her husband gets home.

to make ends meet to live within one's income: The Evans family found it very difficult to make ends meet after the birth of the new baby.

to make haste to hurry: Make haste or we shall miss the train. If you don't make haste, the stores will be closed. (The most frequent uses are in the present and the imperative).

to make head or tail (of smth) to understand, to make sense of it (colloq.): I have read the document through three times, but I can't make head or tail of it.

to make it to get to a destination or an appointment in time (si or colloq.): I had hoped to get to the meeting, but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it.

to make much of to make a great fuss of: The newspapers all made much of his achievement. 2) (used with adverbial particles and prepo­sitions).

to make smth of smb (smth) to understand, interpret: What are we to make of his behaviour?

to make off to run away, to bolt: The thieves smashed the shop win­dow and made off with a large amount of jewelry.

to make smth out 1) to write out: Make out a cheque for $10.2) to manage to see, read: We made out a figure in the darkness. The outline of the house could just be made out. 3) to understand: I can't make out what he wants. She's strange sort of person; I can't make her out.

to make up 1) to compose; invent: The teacher asked the children to make up a poem about their summer holidays. 2) to use cosmetics (in ordinary life and on the stage): At one time it was not considered good taste for women to make up. 3) to become reconciled after a quar­rel: When a quarrel has been made up, the best thing to do is to forget it.

to make it up to smb compensate smb for smth missed or suffered, or for money, etc. spent: Thanks for buying my ticket, I'll make it up to you later.

6. pure a 1) unmixed with any other substance, as pure water,
milk, gold, wool: My granny uses only pure wool when knitting cardi­
gans for little children. 2) morally clean, without evil or sin: The new
ruler of Wales was to be pure and honest, speak no English and to have
been born on the Welsh soil. 3) mere; nothing but, as pure mischief; a
pure waste of time; laziness pure and simple: / call it pure stupidity to
go out in the cold without a hat. What he said was the truth pure and

simple.

purely adv entirely; merely: It's purely a matter of taste.

purity n the state or quality of being pure: The purity of the moun­tain air will do you a lot of good. The statue is a work of remarkable purity of line.

purist n a person who pays great attention to the correct use of words, language, etc.: A purist of the English language would never use any Americanisms.

7. consent vi to give agreement or permission, as to consent to
smth: He consented to the proposal. Anne's father would not consent to
her marrying the old man.

consent n permission, agreement: He was chosen leader by general consent. Silence gives consent.

consensus n general agreement (of opinion, etc.): Consensus poli­tics is the practice of basing policies on what will gain wide support. By consensus of opinion the group decided not to visit the museum.

8. ware n 1) (in compounds) manufactured goods, as silverware,
hardware, ironware, stoneware: Every morning the maid cleaned the
silverware. 2) (pi) articles offered for sale: The master displayed his

wares.

hardware nl) tools and household implements: You can buy most kitchen utensils in the hardware store. 2) military hardware: weapons, machinery, armoured vehicles; 3) computer hardware: mechanical equipment and electronic parts of a computer (contrasted with in­formation and programmes called "software"): The computer hard­ware was still intact but the software had been damaged by the electric­ity failure.

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READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following
words:

purport; illusion; expunge; consciousness; liquidate; fascinate; ally; superior; rivals; hostility; rococo; meticulously; salon; soprano; bari­tone; canal; lilac; invaluable; hydrogen; reminiscent; vigorous; prophet; apartheid; obscenity; hurricane; liable.