What was the goal of the Crusades?

2 What are religions and religious movements?

3 How do religious movements influence world affairs?

4 How do religions differ? What do they preach?

5 When do religious movements lead to international tension?

6 What similar characteristics do radical religious movements share?

7 What are 5 types of international activities?

8 What is terrorism?

9 What do terrorist groups seek and how do they influence world affairs?

10 How can you define international organized crime, state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism?

2 Give Russian equivalents for the following word-combinations:

in terms of atrocities, not-so-holy wars, an object of devotion, a code of behaviour, to engage in political efforts, source of identity, devotion to religion springs, a set of values, to lead to intolerance, to convert nonbelievers to their faith, religious bodies, to set standards, large-scale religious movements, to abuse the principles of religions, causal linkage, professed tolerant doctrines, unacceptable compromise, to uphold religious authority, ills of the society, transstate motivation, to reclaim territory, host countries, compound consequences, to tear countries apart, assassination of tyrants, to extract revenge against states, to lump all terrorist movements together, borderless globalized world, sophisticated technology, pursuit of wealth, to thwart terrorist activities, ruthless acts, reign of terror, foreign adversaries.

3 Give English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations:

крестовый поход, во имя религии, бороться с мусульманской агрессией, религиозные убеждения, естественное превосходство, миссионерская деятельность, запятнать репутацию, заслуживать осуждения, вспышка насилия, применять ко всем религиям, пути к истине, проповедовать пацифизм, яростно противостоять друг другу, источники международной напряженности, строгий надзор, законность политической власти, распространение веры, прибегание к насилию, использовать принуждение, в прилегающем регионе, избегать преследования, поддерживать связи с родиной, бросать вызов государственной власти, окончательное количество, обострять напряженность, подрывать суверенитет, недооценить мощь.

         

4 Make up nouns from the following verbs and adjectives using suffixes:

to die, to justify, to sanctify, to estimate, to convince, to provide, to devote, to judge, to believe, to locate, to engage, to direct, to generalize, to perceive, to accept, to confirm, to convert, to achieve, to persuade, to tarnish, to condemn, to break out, to apply, to consider, to prohibit, to permit, to subordinate, to survive, to observe, to incline, to oppose, to involve, to dedicate, to punish, to explain, to substitute, to subscribe, to reflect, to inherit, to recognize, to propagate, to relegate, to coerce, to possess, to secede, to succeed, to incite, to persecute, to inspect, to contemplate, to reside, to connect, to reinforce, to exacerbate, to assassinate, to destroy, to extract, to sophisticate, to assess;

original, prevalent, superior, tolerant, active, popular, tense, corrupt, legitimate, sufficient, adjacent, approximate,common.

5 Make up adjectives using suffixes:

  aggression, origin, atrocity, ethics, theology, value, mission, cause, secession, destruction, advantage, profit, history, revolution, genocide;

to prevail, to compare, to abuse, to permit, to tolerate, to accept, to suffice, to possess, to separate, to impress, to predict, to oppress.

6 Give as many synonyms as possible to the following words:

to combat, to embrace, to estimate, to capture, to direct, to spring, to tolerate, to convert, to tarnish, to condemn, to prohibit, to permit, to possess, to disintegrate, to incite, to predict, to fracture, to contemplate, to undermine, to assassinate, to obtain;

atrocity, threat, conviction, devotion, behaviour, commonality, diversity, impact, proponent, realm, linkage, outbreak, path, propensity, ills, boundary, barrier, propagation, coercion, advantage, revenge, adversary;

holy, prevalent, rigorous, domestic, appropriate, militant, adjacent, compound, current, ultimate, akin, ruthless, risky.

 

7 Give antonyms adding negative affixes if necessary:

commonality, tolerance, believer, truth, ability, integration, advantage, willingness;

natural, justified, abstract, human, fortunate, superior, careful, fair, acceptable, similar, legitimate, sufficient, moral.

 

8 Explain the meaning of the following adverbs and make up sentences with them:

originally, comparatively, carefully, fairly, violently, heavily, sufficiently, generally, approximately.

9 Insert prepositions where necessary:

1 … evaluating the impact … religious movements … international affairs, it is important to distinguish carefully the high ideas … their doctrines … the activities … the people who head these religious bodies.

2 State terrorism must also be included … any objective assessment, … some … the most ruthless acts … violent terrorism have been practised … states‘ governments … people … their own borders.

3 The Crusades … the 11^th and 14^th centures were originally justified … Pope Urban II … 1905 to combat Muslim aggression, but the fighting left millions … Christians and Muslims dead.

4 Although many … students … international relations draw a causal linkage … the activities … religious movements and the outbreak… political conflict and violence, this does not apply … all religions.

5 Religious movements become sources … international tension, especially when they become radical – heavily involved … political action … a global scale and fanatically dedicated … the promotion … their cause.

6 The first type is irredentism – the attempt … a dominant religion or ethnic group to reclaim territory … an adjacent region once possessed but later lost … a foreign state that now controls it.

7 Terrorism is commonly defined as seeking … further political objectives … the threat or use … violence, usually … opposition … state governments.

8 Historical examples … state terrorism include the “reign … terror“ … the French revolutionary government … 1793 … the counterrevolutionary opposition, the violence practised … Russian Bolsheviks … 1917 … their opponents (especially … the repressive regime … Joseph Stalin), and the actions … the genocidal Nazi regime … Adolf Hitler … Germany, which killed millions … the 1930s and 1940s.

9 … the most abstract level, a religion is a system … thought shared … a group that provides its members an object … devotion and a code … behavior … which they can ethically judge their actions.

10 … short, the state can and has fought back … opposition … its sovereign authority … terrorist tactics sometimes more militant and destructive than those used … insurgents and revolutionaries, and has used state-sponsored terrorism to support the governments‘ foreign policy goals … foreign adversaries.

10 Translate from Russian into English:

1 Хотя считается, что религия – это сила, объединяющая людей и призывающая к миру и согласию, в ходе священных войн во имя религии погибли миллионы людей.

2 Религиозные движения – это политически активные организации, которые основываются на строгих убеждениях, они значительно отличаются по количеству своих приверженцев, по географическому местоположению и по тому, насколько широко они участвуют в международных делах.

3 Приверженцы некоторых религий считают ценности своей религии превалирующими над другими, и что их религия должна быть всеобщей, принятой всеми в мире, и, к сожалению, это часто ведет к нетерпимости.

4 Большинство религий прилагает максимум усилий, чтобы обратить в свою веру и неверующих людей и приверженцев других убеждений. Однако, это обращение проводится не только посредством миссионерской деятельности, но и насильственно, пороча свою репутацию.

5 Хотя мотивы и тактика террористических групп сильно отличаются, их деятельность обостряет международную напряженность, подрывает власть государства посредством угрозы или использования силы.

6 Однако, несмотря на то, что террористические группы используют насильственные методы, переходят национальные границы, не следует все группы смешивать вместе, так как имеется больше различий, чем схожих черт.

11 Questions for discussions:

1 Religious movements, their role in the contemporary world.

2 International terrorism: its goals and influence on world affairs.

3 The ways to combat international terrorism.