2020-06-30
113
Read and translate in written form.
PSKOV
From: Setomaa 2. Vanem ayalugu muinasayast kuni 1920. aastani. (Beletsky S.V., Valk H., Smirnova M., 2009)
Pskov's location at the River Velikaya in relation to the water routes has been much more favourable as compared to Izborsk. The main sources for the early history of the town are archaeological excavations. The origins of Pskov are located on the prehistoric Finnic hillfort site in the Krom (Kremlin) area, in the triangle between the meeting place of the Rivers Velikaya and Pskova. Pskov was an important centre in the Viking Age communication network; close to the hillfort a big settlement – predecessor of the medieval town was formed. The fort area was expanded as Dovmont's (Daumantas') town (Довмонтов город) towards the south in the 13th с. The core of the medieval town was the Middle Town (Средний город) bordering in the south to the fort area; it was bordered in the south by Polonishche district in the north, behind the River Pskova by Zapskovje and on the western coast of the River Velikaya by Zavelichye district. Pskov was the capital of an independent state in the Middle Ages and it belonged to the biggest towns of eastern Europe. Its importance decreased after being joined with Moscow in 1510, especially after the Great Nordic War (1700–1721), but it increased in the 2nd half of the 19th c. again.
Answer the questions:
Why has Pskov's location been much more favourable as compared to Izborsk?
What finds give evidence of the Scandinavian presence in Pskov?
What is the topographic structure characteristic for the oldest towns of Rus?
What was a Viking Age town replaced by?
When was the oldest stone wall of the Kremlin built?
When did the building of the St. Trinity (Troitsa) Cathedral begin?
|
|
|
Translate the Keywords into Russian and make your own sentences with the keywords: a barrow cemetery, the necropolis, Scandinavian presence, hand-made and wheel-thrown pottery, chamber graves, predecessor of the medieval town.
Тема 2. Работа по теме «Исследование»
Read the text “Research”.
Research is investigation. It is finding out about a subject, ordinarily, writing up the results. It is a serious and diligent inquiry with a clear purpose in view: to find out the facts, formulate the hypothesis, prove an existing theory, throw new light on an established view, gain historical insight, establish vital statistics, understand physical phenomena, or interpret the findings of others by ordering and synthesizing materials to support a conclusion.
There are 3 well-established types of research: that which takes place in experimental laboratories, that which is carried on in the “fields” of the social studies and that which is done in books and libraries.
Whether the research is scientific, social or academic, the worker must find out what is already known before making further inquiry.
The kind of academic or bibliographical research can be thought of as “primary” or “secondary”, according to the kind of source materials used. If, for example, a worker in literature is doing research upon a particular author, the primary sources would be the author’s published works, manuscripts, journals, letters to and by him, family papers, church records, municipal records, and other sources. Secondary sources would be works about the author written by others: biography, literary history and criticism in articles and books, new items, book reviews, textbooks, reference works and the like. The more advanced the researcher the more likely he/she is to be working with primary sources.
The research paper based on secondary materials is to demonstrate a scholarly aptitude, a methodology, and a discernment that reflect credit upon its author.
Even the most discriminating definition of a research paper might be supplemented by a statement of what research paper is not. It is not a personal essay; it is not an extended commentary upon a single book or a treatise; it is not a collection of quotations filled together cleverly into a coherent pattern; it is not a collection of footnotes; not is it a conglomeration of ill-assorted paraphrases, quotations, statistics, and the like; hurriedly and unskillfully assembled into a travesty of a research paper.
The steps in the process
Before beginning to prepare a research paper it will be well to take a quick over-all view of the procedure as a whole and the various steps it includes.
|
|
|
The first step, of course, is to choose a subject. The subject should be of great interest to the worker. Then he/she is to determine the availability of materials. But even with an interesting subject upon which abundant information is conveniently available one can fail if he/she doesn’t limit the subject.
The research paper is no casual treatment, no superficial survey, but a thorough and painstaking probing into every aspect of the topic. So, if the subject is too broad to permit such careful investigation, then it must be limited. It is the seconf step. After the worker has picked a topic to his liking, made sure it fits the scope of the materials available, and secured the approval of his supervisor, he is ready for the next major step. It is preparing the bibliography. A complete bibliography lists all sources discovered that contain information upon the subject of the paper.
Then comes gathering the materials. Two distinct processes are involved in gathering the materials for a research paper. The first is finding the information or ideas pertinent to the subject. The second is taking notes that will make this material easily available to the worker as he has need of it.
When the worker begins to organize the materials he has recorded in his notes, he will find this task greatly simplified if he has a catchline, label or “slug” to identify temporarily the content of each note. This label should be written at the very top of the note card to “catch the eye”.
The next problem is to work out a final plan of organization suitable to his/her materials and ideas.
The plan of organization should be dominated by one principle – chronological, spatial, causal or otherwise logical.
Frequently a historical study may be presented first in exact time order. A paper giving an account of anything having spatial measurement might be organized on the principle of spatial relationship. A cause-and-effect arrangement is often suitable. Sometimes the materials may simply be arranged by important “points”
There is no exact formula, nor is there any substitute for clear and logical thinking. When the principle of organization has been determined, the worker should develop his/her plan by constructing an outline. Of the various types of outlines, the topic outline and the sentence outline are the most widely used.
All directly quoted passages must be unmistakably indicated by the use of quotation marks. Three devices often used in working with quotations are: single marks ’’, ellipsis (...) and square brackets ([]).
Illustrations such as pictures, charts, tables, graphs, maps etc. are usually placed in an appendix.
For a final research paper, the final draft to be handed in should consist of the following:
1.A title page.
2.The outline with pages numbered in small Roman numbers.
3.The body of the paper neatly typed with all pages numbered, beginning with Arabic 4. numeral 1 on the first page and continuing consequently through the last page.
4.The bibliography, with pages numbered, continuing the numbering from the last page of the text.
5. The appendix with the pages numbered anew.
