А) The endocrine glands

1. Glands which produce internal secretions or hormones are called endocrine glands.

2. Ductless glands make a secretion which they pour into the blood stream.

3. The endocrine glands regulate all functions of the body.

4. All glands in the human body can be divided into glands with ducts and ductless.

5. The chief ductless glands are: the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands and the pituitary gland.

 

B) The thyroid gland

1. The cells of the thyroid secrete thyroxin, which passes into the circulation.

2. The thyroid gland lies in the front of the neck.

3. The gland is well supplied with blood vessels and consists essentially of secreting cells.

4. Thyroxin controls the general metabolism or activity of the body tissues.

5. The thyroid consists of two lobes lying on either side.

 

C) Adrenal glands

1. The adrenal glands consist of two parts, cortex and medulla.

2.Adrenalin increases in excitement and strong emotions such as fear or anger.

3. The adrenal glands are two small triangular glands lying one over each kidney.

4. The medulla produces a very important secretion called adrenalin

5. The outer part produces a secretion which affects sex. Oversecretion produces masculinity in the female and in the male it produces too early development of the male reproductive organs.

 

D) The pituitary gland

1. The pituitary gland lies in the pituitary fossa in the base of the skull.

2. The anterior lobe produces a number of important hormones affecting growth and sexual development and the functioning of the thyroid and the adrenal glands.

3. The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a small gland about the size of a pea.

4. Pituitrin stimulates involuntary muscle and therefore contracts the blood vessels and raises blood pressure, stimulates peristalsis,

5. The posterior lobe produces the secretion known as pituitrin.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: збільшення у розмірі голови, рук та ліця карликовість нарниркова залоза щитовидна залоза гіпофіз передня та задня долі статевий розвиток трикутна залоза потік крові органи розмноження   II. Дайте відповіді на питання: What are the main ductless glands? What is the structure of the thyroid gland? What does thyroxin control? What is the structure of the adrenal glands? What is the structure of the pituitary gland? What does the pituitary gland affect?   III. Розкрийте поняття:ендокринні залози, щитовидна залоза, надниркова залоза, гіпофіз

 

HORMONES

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

alter, v contribute to, v diabetes mellitus, n dwarfism, n hypophysis, n mood, n obesity, n pineal gland, n release, v thymus, n

['ɔːltə] [kən'tribju:t]  [ˌdaɪə'biːtiːz] [ˈdwɔːfɪz(ə)m] [hʌɪˈpɒfɪsɪs]  [‘muːd] [ə(u)'biːsɪtɪ] ['piniəl]  [rɪ'liːs] ['θaiməs]

змінювати сприяти цукровий діабет карликовость гіпофіз настрій ожиріння шишкоподібна залоза вивільняти, звільняти тимус, вилочкова залоза

 

Exercise 2.Form new words with the help of suffixes and prefixes. Translate them:

Example: un -: known (відомий) – un known (не відомий)

un -: controllable, developed, useful, complicated, certain.

dis-: function, infect, integrate, balance, order.

Exercise 3. Read and translate:

To release chemicals, to alter behavior and patient’s mood, the function of pituitary gland, to contribute to the disorder of pineal gland function, to maintain the work of immune system, disturbed functions of adrenal glands, to have a significant impact, to regulate the wake-sleep cycle, the abnormal level of hormones, to change from head to toe at puberty, to contribute to bone and muscle building, used to combat infection and abnormal cells, to cope with different events and stresses.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate:

HORMONES

A hormone is a special chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. They affect many different processes in the body including growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, behavior, reproduction, mood.

Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

The pituitary gland is often called the “master gland” because it releases hormones that control other glands and such processes in the body as growth, blood pressure, temperature regulation, etc. The pineal gland secretes melatonin that helps to regulate the wake-sleep cycle. The thyroid gland produces hormones that control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. As the level of thyroid hormones increases in the bloodstream, so does the speed at which chemical reactions occur in the body. The adrenal glands produce corticosteroid hormones that regulate metabolism, the work of immune system, and aldosterone that regulates blood pressure, etc. The pancreas produces hormones that maintain a steady level of glucose in the blood. Thymus produces a hormone, that stimulates the production of antibodies and creates T-lymphocytes, which are white blood cells used to combat infection and abnormal cells. So the function of thymus is the maintenance of the immune system.

So, hormones are the cause why your arms are the same length and why you changed from head to toe at puberty.

Hormones are so powerful that it takes only a tiny amount to cause big changes in cells or even in the whole body. Hormone levels that are too high or too low are an indication of a problem with the endocrine system. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones. Hormone imbalances can have a significant impact on the human health.

The deficiency of any hormone leads to a particular disease, which can be cured by administration of that hormone. The abnormal level of leptin, produced by fat cells, can lead to obesity. The abnormal level of insulin, produced by the pancreas and responsible for the regulation of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, can lead to of diabetes mellitus II type. The pituitary gland in the brain produces growth hormone, which influences an individual’s height and contributes to bone and muscle building. The abnormal level of pituitary hormones can lead to gigantism (if it is too high) or dwarfism (if it is too little).

The endocrine system works with the nervous system and the immune system to help the body cope with different events and stresses.

 

Exercise 5. Find corresponding definition to the words on the left:

1. metabolism	a) the organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins.
2. hormone	b) a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates which produces T-lymphocytes for the immune system.
3. pancreas	c) the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
4. thymus	d) a large ductless gland in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism
5. thyroid	e) a regulatory substance produced in an organism that effects other cells in the organism
6. immune system	f) is an organ in the body that synthesizes a substance such as hormones or breast milk for release into the bloodstream
7. gland	g) a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1.What is a hormone?

2.What processes in the body can hormones affect?

3.What are the major endocrine glands?

4.What are thymus hormones responsible for?

5.What are the functions of hormones produced by adrenal glands?

6.How may the hormone imbalance influence the organism?

7. What diseases caused by hormone deficiency do you know?

8.What can lead to obesity?

9.What can the abnormal level of insulin, produced by the pancreas, result in?

10.What hormone does the pituitary gland produce?

Exercise 7. Give the appropriate translation:

шишкоподібна залоза та надниркова залоза
	to cure the disease
підшлункова залоза та щитовидна залоза
	to lead to obesity
вивільняти гормони
	to combat infection and abnormal cells
виділяти хімічні речовини
	the deficiency of hormones
гіпофіз та тимус
регулювати обмін речовин
	to maintain the immune system
призначення гормонів
	to contribute to bone and muscle building

Exercise 8. Put the words from the table into an appropriate gap:

 

Hormones diabetes gigantism deficiency effects the endocrine glands     insulin deficiency dwarfism

      

Hormones are produced by the cells of ____________________________.        

Hormones have several ___________on the body that are vital to its function. An excess or ______________ of hormones can significantly influence an individual's normal daily life. _______________________, for example, leads to a decrease in the body's ability to synthesize and utilize the blood glucose absorbed from food, giving rise to _____________.

_____________ also regulate the growth and development of the body. A deficiency in a vital hormone such as growth hormone can lead to severely growth problems in children and even _______________. By contrast, excess of growth hormone can lead to _____________or excessive height.

 

Exercise 9. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. Гіпофіз secretes nine hormones that regulate homeostasis.

2. Шишкоподібна залоза produces melatonin that helps to regulate sleep/wake functions, and even seasonal functions.

3. The deficiency of iodine can lead to functional disturbances of щитовидної залози.

4. The immunity in this patient is significantly reduced due to the hyperfunction of тимусу.

5. Надниркові залози regulate the secretion of adrenalin.

6. As the patient’s condition was getting better, his настрій was improved.

7. Hormones are the reason why people change from head to toe at статевої зрілості.

8. Призначення of insulin saved the patient’s life.

 

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the correct word:

1. ……….. makes hormones that control other endocrine glands.

2. ……….. produces antibodies and T-lymphocytes.

3. Hormones of ………….. maintain the level of glucose.

4. …………………… produce corticosteroid hormones, epinephrine, aldosterone.

5. The hormone, secreted by …………………..regulates the wake-sleep cycle.

6. ……………………needs frequent consumption of iodine for the production of hormones.

7. …………………… produces melatonin.

8. The abnormal level of the hormone produced by ……………. leads to diabetes mellitus.

Exercise 11. Substitute the words in bold type by the words in the text:

1. The disturbance of hormone level can have serious effects on the organism.

2.  Hypophysis is one of the glands of the endocrine system that is located at the base of the brain.

3. The function of thymus is the protection of the immune system.

4. If your body doesn’t react to the hormones, you may develop serious hormonal disturbances.

5. The treatment of diabetes mellitus includes the prescription of insulin.

6. The excessive production of leptin promoted the formation of overweight.

7. A lack or unusual level of thyroid hormone can lead to goiter.

8. Leucocytes are produced in the blood to fight with the infections.

Exercise 12. Agree or contradict the following statements:

1. Insulin is produced by the thymus.

2. Adrenal glands influence an individual’s height and contribute to bone and muscle building.

3. Pituitary gland in the brain produces growth hormone.

4. A lack or excess of a certain hormone can be serious.

5. Diabetes mellitus can be caused by abnormal level of leptin.

6. Obesity can be caused by disturbance in the work of hormones produced by fat cells.

7. The deficiency of any hormone leads to a disease, which can be cured by administration of antibiotics.

8. The pineal gland secretes melatonin that helps to maintain immune system.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Гормон — це біологічно-активна хімічна речовина, що виділяється ендокринними залозами безпосередньо у кров, так як вони не мають протоків.

2. Гормони впливають на органи і тканини та регулюють нормальне функціонування організму.

3. Надниркова залоза грає важливу роль в регуляції обміну речовин і адаптації організму до несприятливих (тобто стресових) умов.

4. Імунна система працює неналежним чином, коли організм постачає недостатню кількість гормонів.

5. Якщо лікар призначить відповідну дозу мелатоніну, то цикл сну-неспання буде відновлено.

6. Коли організм продукує надлишок ліптину, це може привести до ожиріння.

7. Дисбаланс гормонів призводить до тяжких порушень функціонування.

8. Навіть маленька кількість гормонів може призвести до великих змін у організмі.

Exercise 14. Transform the following sentences using the gerund or gerundial phrases instead of the infinitives:

Example: The doctor began to work at the problems of diabetes 2 years ago. – The doctor began working at the problems of diabetes 2 years ago.

 

1. The patient started to recover after the administration of an appropriate dose of hormones.

2. They finished to perform an immediate operation on the thyroid gland.

3. The drug began to regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the patient.

4. This surgeon preferred to operate without assistance.

5. The doctor advised to take hormonal preparations in very limited doses.

6. The students have just begun to translate the text about hormones.

7. The patient stopped to take hormonal preparations.

8. The scientists continue to investigate variable functions of hormones.

Exercise 15. Translate the sentences paying attention to Verbal noun:

1. Proper of dose of insulin will prevent the development of severe form of diabetes.

2. The scientists are determining the proper functioning of pineal glands.

3. Sufficient quantity of the hormone, produced by the pituitary gland contributes to bone building.

4. Itching of the skin is due to abnormal level of insulin, produced by the pancreas.

5. An appropriate indicating of the dose of hormonal preparation is very important to avoid side-effects.

6. The readings of the pituitary gland examination proved that the abnormal level of growth hormone was the cause of gigantism in this patient.

7. The pituitary gland controls all other glands of the human beings.

8. Weakening of the human body may be caused by imbalance of hormones.

Exercise 16. Insert some, any, no or their derivatives (something, nothing) into the gaps. Read and translate the sentences:

1. Scientists are working at determining the exact functions of hormones, but haven’t come to ………. final conclusion yet.

2. The patient was unable to eat ………………. today.

3. He proved that he hasn’t done ……………… wrong.

4. The doctor told the patient that there was ……serious with his level of leptin.

5. A doctor prescribed him ……………….. injections of insulin.

6. People should value health more than ……………….. in the world.

7. Despite doctors were struggling for patient’s life, … could be done in this case.

8. Do you want to add ……………………… on this topic of endocrine glands?

Exercise 17. Put verbs from brackets in a proper tense and translate them:

1. The patient (to feel) better after the injection of insulin yesterday.

2. The doctor just (to perform) the operation on the thyroid gland in this patient.

3. The lecture in functions of pituitary glands (to finish) in 20 minutes.

4. Insulin usually (to administer) intravenously in case of diabetic coma.

5. Overdose of hormonal preparations already (to cause) severe side effects in this patient

6. Students (attend) lectures in the function of hormones in a week.

7. The patient with diabetes (to give) a subcutaneous injection 2 hours ago.

8. If abnormal level of growth hormone in children (not to treat), it will lead to gigantism or dwarfism.

 

Exercise 18. Make questions to underlined words:

1. The patient will be operated on hypothyroidism as soon as all analyses are ready.

2. Overproduction of growth hormones caused gigantism.

3. Zoladex has already been prescribed to woman withendometriosis to inhibit hypophysis activity.

4. Prolactin promotes breast growth and milk production.

5. Symptoms experienced during hormone imbalance include fatigue, mood swings, weight problems etc.

6. Weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and nervousness were caused by hyperthyroidism.

7. A dangerous or fatal hormone imbalance can occur in those who use anabolic steroids.

8. Sugar level is increasing due to insufficient amount of insulin in the body.

 

Exercise 19. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term:

1. The pituitary gland is often called the “master gland” because it releases hormones that control other glands and such processes in the body as growth, blood pressure, temperature regulation, etc.

2. They affect many different processes in the body including growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, behavior, reproduction, mood, etc.

3. Endocrine glands, such as the pituitary (hypophysis), pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, make hormones.

4. The deficiency of any hormone leads to a particular disease, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, dwarfism and gigantism.

5. A hormone is a special chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism.