Read and learn the following words. swellingприпухлость

list перечислять

sign знак

swelling припухлость

obvious очевидный

response ответ, реакция

tongue язык

edema отек

permeability проницаемость

improve улучшать

purpose цель, задача

engulf поглощать

prevailing преобладающий, господствующий

recognition признание

share разделить

· Read and translate the text

TEXT

HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Although signs of inflammation were described in an Egyptian papyrus, Celsus, a Roman writer of the first century AD, was the first to list the four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swell­ing, heat, and pain. The fifth clinical sign, loss of function, was later added by Virchow. In 1793 the Scottish surgeon John Hunter noted what is now considered an obvious fact: inflammation is not a disease but a nonspecific response of the organism. Julius Cohnheim (1839—1884) first used the microscope to observe in­flamed blood vessels in thin membranes of the frog tongue. Noting the initial changes in blood flow, the subsequent edema which hadbeen caused by increased vascular permeability and the characteristic leucocyte emigration, he wrote descriptions that can hardly be improved on.

The Russian biologist I. Mechnikov discovered the process of phagocytosis (1882). He concluded that the purpose of inflammation was to bring phagocytic cells to the injured area to engulf invading bacteria. At that time Mechnikov contradicted the prevailing theory that the purpose of inflammation was to bring in factors from the blood serum to neutralize the infectious agents. It soon became clear that both phagocytes and serum factors (antibodies) were critical to the defence against microorganisms and in recognition of this both I. Mechnikov and P. Ehrlich

(who developed the humoral theory) shared the Nobel Prize in 1908.