Taking a Post-Graduate Course

Dialogue 1

Peter: Hallo, Mike!

Mike: Oh, Peter! Haven‘t seen you for ages! What are you doing here in Orenburg? I know you live in Orsk.

Peter: You are quite right. But this year I have become a post-graduate student of the Orenburg State University. Do you remember that I was interested in research work when a student?

Mike: Oh, yes, I do. And, of course, you want to carry on research in applied statistics. Am I right?

Peter: Absolutely right you are. I have a particular interest in this field of knowledge.

Mike:That‘s fine! I congratulate you on a good beginning. They say: "Well begun is half done". I wish you success in your research.

Peter: Thanks a lot.

Dialogue 2

Post-graduate: What is your opinion of my last article?

Professor: There is a great deal in it that is new, and a great deal that is true …

Post-graduate: Do you really mean …?

Professor: … but it, unfortunately, happens that those portions which are new are not true, and those which are true are not new.

Dialogue 3

Post-graduate: I hear you said my new article was the worst I ever wrote.

Professor: No, I didn‘t. I said it was the worst article anybody ever wrote.

1.2.4 Read the text to find the answers to the following questions:

a) What does your research deal with?

b) What are you engaged in at present?

Taking a Post-Graduate Course

1 Last year by the decision of the Scientific Council I took post-graduate courses to increase my knowledge in economics. I passed three entrance examinations – in History, English and the special subject. So now I am a first year post-graduate student of the Orenburg State University. I'm attached to the Statistics Department. In the course of my post-graduate studies I am to pass candidate examinations in philosophy, English and the special subject. So I attend courses of English and philosophy. I'm sure the knowledge of English will help me in my research.

2 My research deals with economics. The theme of the dissertation (thesis) is "Computer-Aided Tools for…". I was interested in the problem when a student so by now I have collected some valuable data for my thesis.

3 I work in close contact with my research adviser (superviser). He graduated from the Moscow State University 15 years ago and got his doctoral degree at the age of 40. He is the youngest Doctor of Sciences at our University. He has published a great number of research papers in journals not only in this country but also abroad. He often takes part in the work of scientific conferences and symposia. When I encounter difficulties in my work I always consult my research adviser.

4 At present I am engaged in collecting the necessary data. I hope it will be a success and I will be through with my work on time.

1.2.5 Read passage 2 and answer the following questions: What is the theme of your dissertation?

1.2.6 Read passage 3 and speak about your research adviser according to the following plan:

1 Doctor's degree. 2 Scientific publications. 3 Participation in the work of scientific conferences.

1.2.7 Inform your colleague:

a) what candidate examinations you have already passed;

b) what the theme of your dissertation is;

c) how many scientific papers you have published;

d) if you are busy with making an experiment.

1.2.8 Study the text below (work in pairs). One reads the text, another supervises; then post-graduate students change their parts

My research work

I’m an economist in one of the Orenburg auditing firms. My special subject is accounting. I combine practical work with scientific research, so I’m a doctoral candidate (соискатель).

I’m doing research in auditing which is now widely accepted in all fields of economy. This branch of knowledge has been rapidly developing in the last two decades. The obtained results have already found wide application in various spheres of national economy.

I’m intested in that part of auditing which includes its internal quality control. I have been working at the problem for two years. I got interested in it when a student.

The theme of the dissertation is “Internal quality control of audit services”. The subject of my thesis is the development of an effective internal quality control system for audit firm services.

I think this problem is very important nowadays as a major portion of public accounting practice is involved with auditing. In making decisions it is necessary for the investors, creditors and other interested parties to know whether the financial statements may be relied on. Hence there should be an internal control of auditing operations for insuring the fairness of presentation.

My work is both of theoretical and practical importance. It is based on the theory developed by my research adviser, professor S. Petrov. He is head of the department at the Orenburg State University. I always consult him when I encounter difficulties in my research. We often discuss the collected data. These data enable me to define more precisely the theoretical model of the audit internal quality system.

I have not completed the experimental part of my thesis yet, but I’m through with the theoretical part. For the moment I have 4 scientific papers published. One of them was published in the US journal.

I take part in various scientific conferences where I make reports on my subject and participate in scientific discussions and debates.

I’m planning to finish writing the dissertation by the end of the next year and prove it in the Scientific Council of the Orenburg State University. I hope to get a Ph.D. in Economics.

1.2.9 Read the text again to find the answer to the following questions:

1 What are you?

2 What is your special subject?

3 What field of knowledge are you doing research in?

4 Have you been working at the problem long?

5 Is your work of practical or theoretical importance?

6 Who do you collaborate with?

7 When do you consult your scientific adviser?

8 Have you completed the experimental part of your dissertation?

9 How many scientific papers have you published?

10 Do you take part in the work of scientific conferences?

11 Where and when are you going to get Ph.D. degree?

1.3 Make a list of the most important points for you in the text

1.3.1 Speak about your research work using the chosen points

1.3.2 Learn and dramatize the dialogue. Make up your own dialogue on the same subject

A: Next Monday there'll be an extra department meeting. Peter Smirnov has finished his doctoral thesis and we are going to discuss it.

B: I like him. He is a talented scientist. He has been working hard for his doctorate for 5 years and showed remarkable ability as a researcher.

A: He deserves a high academic degree.

1.3.3 Make up dialogues on the following situations. If possible use the terminology of your own field of research

The scientific adviser and his post-graduate are discussing the new idea that young researcher has put forward (выдвинул). The post-graduate is very talented and the prominent scientist is eager (очень хочет) to support and stimulate him.

1.4.1 Some Aspects of Research Work Organization in English - Speaking Countries

Science is not licensed profession, and to be counted as a scientist one need not be a Doctor of Philosophy… But a scientist without a Ph.D. (or a medical degree) is like a lay brother in a Cistercian monastery. Generally he has to labor in the fields while others sing in the choir. If he goes into academic life, he can hope to become a professor only at the kind of college or university where faculty members are given neither time nor facilities for research… A young scientist with a bachelor's or a master's degree will probably have to spend his time working on problems, or pieces of problems, that are assigned to him by other people and that are of more practical than scientific interest. Wherever he works, the prospects are slight that he will be given much autonomy and freedom. Having a Ph. D. or its equivalent - a medical degree plus post-graduate training in research - has become in fact, if not in law, a requirement for full citizen ship in the American scientific community.

1.4.2 Leading Research Centres

To be successful as a scientist, it is important not only to have a Ph. D., but to have earned it at the right place. From the standpoint of rightness, American universities may be divided into three groups. The first is made up of those institutions to which the term "leading" may appropriately be applied. They include Chicago, Cal Tech, the University of California at Berkeley, Columbia, Harvard, Illinois, M.I.T. (=Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Michigan, Princeton, Stanford, Wisconsin, Yale, and perhaps two or three others. These are the universities whose professors get the biggest research grants, publish most scientific papers, serve on the most important government committees, win most of the scientific prizes, and are most likely to be acknowledged as leaders in their fields … Ranking just below these twelve are universities like Minnesota and Indiana and U.C.L.A. (University of California at Los Angelos), where scientists and scholars of international renown are also to be found, but in such dense clusters as at Harvard or Berkeley … This is not to say that first-rate scientists are to be found only at first-rate universities - or that are no second-rate people at Berkeley and M.I.T. But the brightest students, like the brightest professors, tend to be found at the leading universities.

1.4.3 Postdoctoral Study

Although possession of a Ph. D. is supposed to signify that a scientist has learned his trade as a researcher, it is now very common for young scientists to continue in a quasi-student status for a year or two after they get their doctorates … Older scientists as a rule are very happy to take on postdoctoral students. The postdoc, as he is sometimes called, is like an advanced graduate student in that he does research under the general direction of an older man. But he usually needs much less direction of an older man and he can therefore be much more helpful to an experienced scientist who is eager to see his work pushed forward as rapidly as possible… Postdoctoral trainees can have the further advantage of serving a professor as a middleman in his dealing with his graduate students.

For young scientists themselves, a year or two of postdoctoral study and research has many attractions. For some it is a chance to make up for what they didn't learn in graduate school. For scientists whose graduate training has been good, the chief advantage of doing postdoctoral research is that it gives them a couple of years in which they can put all their effort into research. A postdoctoral fellowship can also be a relatively tranquil interlude between the pressures and intellectual restrictions of life as a graduate student, and the competition and distractions of life as an assistant professor. Many scientists go abroad, not because the training they get will necessarily be better than they would get in the United States, but because a postdoctoral fellowship gives them a chance to travel – often for the first time in their lives.

1.4.4 Read the following dialogue in parts

Q: What do you do after you receive your bachelor’s degree?

A: With a bachelor’s degree you can apply to a graduate school and start working towards a master’s degree. If you have a bachelor’s degree you can also go to a professional school.

Q: What is professional school?

A: Law and medical schools are considered professional schools. If you go to a medical school it’s a four years program, basic program, and then you usually have internship. You usually have to be on intern for a year. But it depends on your speciality. If you’re going into surgery you may have another year. Well, anyway it can be a far longer program than four years. In the end you get a M.D., Doctor of Medicine degree. Medical schools are run by the American Medical Association, A.M.A. and law schools by the American Bar Association, A.B.A. It’s a three year program and you get a J.D., Juris Doctor degree.

Q: And if you go to a graduate school, how many years does it take to get a master’s and a doctorate?

A: I think it depends on the program and every program is different. Usually a master’s is a couple of years and a doctorate is another two or three years. Usually Ph. D. and master’s programs are in the same place and you simply continue. The master’s degree is not very important, it’s a step on the way to get a Ph. D. You simply stay on the same program and continue. But you can change. You can get a master’s degree in one place and then change schools and get a Ph. D. degree in another one.

Q: What do you know about honorary degrees?

A: I don’t know much about that. But I do know that my college gives honorary degrees. For example at the graduation ceremony when I got my bachelor’s degree they awarded some very accomplished elderly man a Doctor of Letters degree. It’s an honorary degree and it means the institution recognizes that person.

Q: What is the most important division at an American university?

A: It’s a department. But you don’t belong to a department. You’re a student and you have a major. Your major is in one department and usually your advisor is also in that department. So the department requires certain courses. In order to major you have to do these certain courses. Perhaps a quarter or a half of your courses are in the direction of your major department.

Q: Could you name the positions which are occupied by the university teachers?

A: O.K. I’ll start with the bottom. A private institution can hire anyone. The lowest rank is instructor. Actually he teaches anything they need. For instance, you can have a native speaker who teaches some conversation courses. You hire that person and he may have no advanced degree whatsoever. I think the assistant professor is the next highest. Usually when you hire an assistant professor that’s someone who is likely to be on a tenure track. That’s a lower rank and it’s assumed you eventually would achieve a higher rank. They do anything, they do whatever the department decides. An assistant professor usually has a master’s degree. Now when there are so few university jobs they are usually people who have almost a Ph.D. or already have a Ph.D., people who are writing their dissertations or are close to a Ph.D. and it’s assumed they will finish their Ph.D. They couldn’t move you up until you get your Ph.D. You really have to have it before you get an associate professor or full professor.

Q: What is a tenure position?

A: Each department has some tenure positions which are lifetime positions. It’s an academic protection. You can’t fire that person. An associate professor who after a number of years has done his Ph.D. is considered for tenure. Say, there are four tenure positions and someone is retired and if you’re considered qualified enough you get tenure. It’s a very long and difficult process because the college or university is committing itself to you, to that person. And if you don’t get tenure, and you’re turned down, you usually quit and go to another university.

Q: It is important not only what position you have but also where you work?

A: That’s right. Each organization, basically, runs its own show. A major university, Berkeley, for example, has its own research organizations connected with the university. If you’re associated with the university you may have an academic title or simply be a part of the research organization at Berkeley, I think in a lot of areas you’re considered important and accomplished if you’re a senior associate at

Berkeley research institute. Because Berkeley is very important. Because Berkeley is a big name. Every field has its big names.

1.4.5 Discuss the problems in the dialogue

1.4.6 Make a list of the most important points for a person to be qualified as a scientist in an English-speaking country

1.4.7 Use the following situations to start a short talk:

1 Your scientific adviser has looked through your paper meant for the conference. He is making some critical remarks now.

2 You are upset about your research findings. You can't get any positive result. Your friend tries to cheer you up.

Use the following key phrases in your dialogue

To discuss one's idea; How very interesting; Let us see what we can do about it; there are gaps in (пробелы) your knowledge; I'll fill up my gap of knowledge in the library; I want to know everything possible in the field of my research; it is necessary to consider the facts.

Think of situations where the following proverbs can be used:

1) Well begun is half done - Лиха беда - начало;

2) A big ship sales in deep waters - Большому кораблю – большое плавание.

Reading about the world of science

2.1 Read the experts from the newspaper article for information on the roles of scientists in American society. Use the information when discussing the questions that follow:

Research Universities Key to State’s Economic Recovery

by Venky Narayahamuri

America's research university system has long been the envy of the world. The strength and excellence of its infrastructure has contributed enormously to America's economic growth and improved quality of life.

Its basic research efforts have advanced our knowledge base which in turn has driven our technological progress over the last half century, and its educational efforts have produced a strong American work force. But the world as we have known it is undergoing major changes.

With the end of the Cold War has come a dynamic shift in emphasis from defense to civilian concerns. More and more the United States is competing in an expanding global marketplace. This changing environment is posing many new challenges and expectations for our institutions of higher education, including a great fiscal impact, and it has caused universities to come under heightened public

scrutiny…

We must show society that we can produce broad-based graduates who are able to solve today's pressing national needs, among them environmental protection, better health care, alternate means of transportation, industrial productivity, and improved manufacturing processes.

Universities can accomplish this goal by developing a holistic approach to education through integrating education and research - the two are inseparable in my mind - by fostering more effective partnerships with industry and government agencies to better respond to strategic research opportunities, and by continuously emphasizing quality and excellence in everything we do.

Here is why America's research universities are its treasured institutions.

Research universities attract the best and brightest faculty. Such faculty are highly dedicated individuals who innovate and lead frontier research efforts, who demonstrate excellence in teaching, and who show excellence in community service. Who better to teach our students, engaging them in discovery, development and application processes, and motivating them to aspire to greater achievements…

…Research universities engage in creative multidisciplinary research projects, further increasing the range and number of opportunities undergraduate and graduate students have for supervised research.

But it is not only students enrolled at the university who benefit from exposure to first-rate research, working alongside world-class faculty. Research universities also simulate and fire the imaginations of those in the educational pipeline - America's K-12 students and their teachers…

…As the deans of UCSB's College of Engineering, I am listening to government, industry and the public, and I am hearing that they want to see in new graduates - quality, excellence and teamwork ability. Their call to action has not gone us heard. We have undertaken here a major reevaluation of our curriculum and are implementing a new freshman year sequence that integrates oral and written

communication, computing skills and engineering concepts.

We have initiated a new mechanical engineering design thrust, one that increases hands-on real-world experience by emphasizing synthesis and the fundamentals of design and manufacture. We also have started a new undergraduate research seminar series to further broaden student experience…

… We already are an information society. The need for an increasingly technologically oriented work force for the 21st century, competent in computing, mathematics and information technology, certainly will not diminish.

If we abandon the research university, which has provided much of America's knowledge base and education infrastructure, how can we possibly train future generations of workers? How will we solve tomorrow's problems?

How will we develop tomorrow's needed technologies? We need research universities that are strong and vital more now than ever before.

2.1.1 Discussion

1 What are the points raised in the article?

2 What are the key factors in the relationships among universities, industry, and government in the USA and Russia?

3 What points would you stress if you had to describe to an American student the relationships among universities, industry, and government in Russia?

2.1.2 Read the experts from an interview by Boris Saltykov with MN’s correspondent on the problems of Russian fundamental science. Give the full analysis of the text: