Assignment 2

Stylistics of the word.

1. Denotation and Connotation.

1.1. Emotive connotations.

1.2. Evaluative connotations.

1.3. Expressive connotations.

1.4. Collocative connotations.

1.5. Semantic associations.

2. Practical Tasks.

2.1. Illustrate the points of discussion with your own examples from analytical, home, individual reading.

2.2. Pick out examples from exercises: N1 p,13-14; N1,2,3, p.p. 19-22 in V.A.Kukharenko.A Book of Practice in Stylistics.M.1986; or Ex. 2,3,p.p. 108-109 in

V.A.Kukharenko.Seminars in Style.M.1971.

2.3. Take an English and Russian newspaper and pick out emotive, evaluative, expressive words.Comment on their connotations and their effect on the message.

2.4. Analyse a piece of imaginative literature paying a particular attention to the use and role of connotations.

Literature.

I. V.Arnold.The English Word.L.1973, p.p. 114;p.p. 119-120; p.p. 213-219.

2. И.В.Арнольд. Стилистика английского языка. Л.1973,с.7;с.102-119.

3. V.A. Kukharenko. A Book of Practice in Stylistics.M.1986, p.9; p.p. 22-24.

4. V. Leech. Semantics.1974. See Supplementary. Analytical Reading. M.1974,p.p.10-21.

5. V.B. Soshalskaya. Analitical reading.M. 1974, p. p. 10-21.

Supplementary.

1. L.Bloomfield. Meaning in Р.С. Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.Н. Санкин, С.С.Хидекель.”Сборник текстов по проблемам английской лексикологии” бч.1.М.1972, с.41-51.

2. R. Altick. Connotation in V.I. Prokhorova, E.G. Soshalskaya. Oral Practice Through Stylistic Analyses. M. 1979, p.p. 7-12.

Geofrey Leech Semantics Geofrey Leech Semantics 1974 Penguin Books.
Communicative meaning (meaning in wider sense) associative meaning	1. Coceptual meaning or sense	Logical, Cognitive or denotative component; has a complex organization at the basis of which lie structual principles of contrastiveness and constituent structure typical of all linguistic patterning (syntactical and phonological levels), /man/ = human + male + adult; /woman/ = human - male + adult.Conceptual meaning may be codified in terms of limited set of symbols, i.e. in the form of a finite set of discrete features of meaning.
2. Connotative	The communicative value a unit has by virtue, of what it refers to, over and above its purely concrptual confent. It reflects the "real word" experience one associates with an expression one uses. It is associated with additional noncriterial properties that we have learnt to expect a referent to possess. (psychological,social) "woman" - subject to maternal instinct; typical: experienced in cooking, skirt (dress wearing). It can embrace "putative properties" of the referent due to the view-point adopted by an individual (a group of people/society, "frail", prone to tears "emotional" irrational, inconsistent, gentle)." Connotations vary from age to, age, from society to society, from individual to individual. Connotation is incidental to language but shared by other communicative systems (visual art, music). Connota­tions are unstable, they vary to culture, histori­cal period, the experience of the individual, it is on the periphery of the language. It is indeterminate and open-ended.
3. Stylistic meaning	What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. It is associated with a) individuality (the language of Mr.X; dialect;Time (18th century); b) discourse medium (speech/writing);participation (monologue - dialogue); c) province (law, science);statue (polite,colloquial,slang); modality (language of memorandum,lectures, jokes), singularity (the style of Dickens).
4. Affective meaning	What is communicated of the feelings, and and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
5. Reflected meaning	Reflected meaning arises in cases of multiple coceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another (what is communicated through association with another sense of the same word).
	6. Collocative meaning	What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.Collocative meaning consists of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its enviroment.
7. Thematic meaning	What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis and focus.Thematic meaning is mainly the matter of choice between alternative grammar constructions.The effect is to focus attention on that word which contains new information against a background of what is known.

Reflected, collocative, affective and stylistic meanings are closer to connotative than to conceptual.They are open-ended, indeterminate m.b.analysed in terms of scales/ranges not in discrete this or that terms.They are all associative; reflecting mental connections based on continguities of experience.As there are too many imponderable factors they cannot be studied systematically.