2015-05-23
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Gerund appears in the 12th century. OE verbal noun(отглагольное сущ)with suffix —ung, -ing and P1 overlapped(частично совпад); verbal noun later turned into Gerund and could 1) take direct object (ex. buying the book) - verbal feature; 2) preceded by article or possessive pronoun – nominal(именной)feature. The gerund can be traced to three sources: the OE verbal noun in -uns and -ins, the Present Participle and the Infinitive. In OE the verbal noun derived from transitive verbs took an object in the Gen. case, which corresponded to the direct object of the finite(личных) verb. The syntactic functions of the verbal noun, the infinitive and the participle partly overlapped.
This verbal feature — a direct object as well as the frequent absence of article before the -ing-form functioning, as a noun — transformed the verbal noun into a Gerund in the modern understanding of the term. The nominal features, retained from the verbal noun, were its syntactic functions and the ability to be modified by a possessive pronoun or a noun in the Gen. case.
Вопрос 47 и 48 The evol. Of Participle&Infinitive
ParticipleI had an active meaning and expressed a process or quality simultaneous with the events described by the predicate of the sentence. ParticipleII had an active or passive meaning depending on the transitivity of the verb, and expressed a preceding action or its results in the subsequent situation.
Participle I coincided with the verbal noun, which was formed in OE with the help of the suffixes -ung and -ing, but had preserved only one suffix, -ing, in ME. (The fusion of the Participle with the verbal noun was an important factor of the growth of a new verbal, the Gerund,
and played a certain role in the development of the Continuous forms.
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Participle 2 In ME the weak verbs built Participle II with the help of the dental suffix -(e)d, -t, the strong verbs — with the help of vowel gradation and the suffix -en. Strong v -4 grades(1-the form of the inf, 2-Preterit Sg, 3-Pret. Pl, 4-Partic2)
Weak v -3 grades (1-inf, 2-Pret, 3-P2).
Participle I - suffix -ende (ex. OE berende, ME bering. NE bearing) PII - suffix -en{strong verbs), and -t,-d according to the type of verb (weak verbs) and commonly marked by prefix -3e. in OE: active voice (ex. segan) and passive voice (ex.seboren). PI and PII were used predicatively and attributively (like adj.) and agreed with noun in number, Gender, case. PI and PII lost number, Gender, case in ME.
Inf. loss of dative case (ME) (ex. OE Nomin.: writan, Dative: to writanne; ME: to written, NE: to write, ("to” is a formal sign). The preposition to, which was placed In OE to show direction or purpose, lost Its prepositional force and changed into a formal sign of,the Infinitive. In ME the Infinitive with to does not necessarily express purpose. In order to reinforce the meaning of purpose another preposition, for.
