Active vocabulary

1. to include — содержать, заключать в себе; иметь в своем составе (как часть): e.g. Great Britain includes England and Wales. / to comprise — составлять, включать, охватывать: e.g. Great Britain comprises England, Wales and Scotland. The House of Commons and the House of Lords, with the monarch, comprise Parliament.

2. island — остров: e.g. the Shetland Islands — Шетландские острова / isle [ail] — остров (в названиях): e.g. the British Isles, the Isle of Man.

3. border — граница; пограничный район: on the border — на границе, в погра­ничном районе / to border(on/upon) — граничить (с): e.g. Jordan holds a key position, bordering on both Israel and Iraq.

4. influence — влияние, воздействие: e.g. The future level of fuel prices will have a major influence on energy policy. / to influence — оказывать влия­ние/воздействие, влиять: e.g. Health education programmes are starting to influence people's eating habits.

5. fair — честный, справедливый, беспристрастный, законный: e.g. I think it is fair to pay all our workers, men and women, at the same rate. / fair play — чест­ная игра, игра по правилам: e.g. He has neither team spirit nor sense of fair play. / fair price — справедливая, настоящая цена: e.g. We aim to provide healthy food at fair prices.

6. area — 1. площадь (матем.): e.g. His room is 16 square metres in area. 2. территория, площадь, пространство, место, зона: e.g. The house is situated in a quiet residential area. / urban/rural area — городская /сель­ская местность: e.g. Some rural areas are becoming more and more densely populated. / region — регион, область, край (имеющий административно-политические и/или географические, культурные осо­бенности): e.g. the Arctic Region — Арктика, арктический район; the Southern region of England — юг Англии / district — округ, район (города), участок (ад-мин.): e.g. They live in one of the most exclusive districts of Paris. / the District of Columbia or D.C. — федеральный округ Колумбия (США)

7. to populate — населять, заселять: e.g. This side of the island is a densely populated area. / population — население: e.g. There has been a real population explosion here over the last decade.

8. to cultivate — обрабатывать, возделывать, культивировать: e.g. Most of the world's fertile land is already being cultivated. / cultivated — 1. обра­ботанный, обрабатываемый: e.g. cultivated land; 2. культурный, развитой, изысканный: e.g. It's a pleasure to speak to such a cultivated audience. / cultivation — обработка (почвы), возделывание; разведение, выращивание: e.g. The held has been under cultivation for many years.

9. product — 1. продукт, продукция, изделие: e.g. The company's most successful product in recent years has been its personal pension package. / gross national product — валовой национальный продукт (ВНП); gross domestic product — внутренний валовой продукт (ВВП); 2. результат: e.g. His book is the product of several years of research. / goods (only plural!) — товар(ы); consumer goods — потребительские товары: e.g. The average family's weekly expenditure on goods and services has risen by more than 20 per cent.

10. to contribute (to) — 1. способствовать, содействовать, вносить вклад (в): e.g. This advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car. 2. жертвовать что-либо в пользу кого-либо: e.g. In recent years big corporations have contributed lare sums of money to the President's campaign funds. / contribution — 1. вклад (в науку и т. п.): e.g. Chekhov's contribution to Russian literature cannot be underestimated. / to make a contribution (to) — сделать вклад (в): e.g. He has made an important contribution to the company's success. 2. пожертвование, денежный взнос: e.g. All contributions, however small, will be greatly appreciated by the charity fund.

11. machine — машина, механизм, станок: e.g. The machine has gone wrong. / a copying machine — копировальный (множительный) аппарат, "ксерокс" / machinery — механизмы, машины, оборудование: e.g. New machinery is being installed in the factory.

12. to excel — превосходить, отличаться: e.g. I didn't exactly excel academically and I left school as soon as I had the chance. / to excel oneself — превзойти себя: e.g. He has excelled himself in the new movie — definitely his best performance yet.

13. source — источник, основа, начало: e.g. They had to find a new source of income. / resources — (материальные) запасы, ресурсы, средства; natural resource(s) — естественные ресурсы, полезные ископаемые, природ­ные богатства: e.g. Oil is Kuwait's most important natural resource.

14. to establish — основывать, учреждать, создавать, организовывать: e.g. This company was established in 1850.

15. trade — 1. занятие, ремесло, профессия: e.g. Fred is an electrician by trade. 2. торговля: e.g. Global trade in manufactured goods has increased dramatically. / domestic/home trade — внутренняя торговля; foreign trade — внешняя тор­говля / to trade (with sb) — торговать (с кем-либо): e.g. For several decades the USA has refused to trade with Cuba. / to trade in sth — торговать чем-либо: e.g. Only few state companies were allowed to trade in gold and diamonds.

16. to exceed — превышать, превосходить: e.g. The reality exceeded our expec­tations. / exceeding — чрезмерный, огромный: e.g. There was an exceeding disorder in the room. / exceedingly — чрезвычайно, очень, крайне: e.g. This book is becoming exceedingly popular now.

17. to reign — царствовать: e.g. Henry VIII reigned in the 16^th century. / reign — царствование: e.g. In the reign of Queen Victoria, Britain became a powerful empire. / to rule — управлять, править, господствовать, властвовать: e.g. Great Britain ruled the American colonies until 1776. / rule — 1. правление, владычество, господство: e.g. For many years India was under British rule. 2. правило, норма: e.g. I have no sympathy for Johnson. He broke the rules and got caught.

18. power — 1. могущество, сила, власть: e.g. When Mrs. Thatcher came to power in 1979, nobody expected her to stay there for 13 years, /executive power — исполнительная власть; legislative power — за­конодательная власть; to be in power — быть, находиться у власти; a party in power — правящая партия: e.g. These reforms began when the Labour Party was in power. 2. энергия, мощность: e.g. The first in the world nuclear energy power station was built in Britain in 1956. 3. держава: e.g. China is one of the major economic powers in Asia. / powerful — сильный, мощный, могучий, могущественный: e.g. These departments are seen as the most powerful parts of the government

19. to elect (sb sth) — выбирать (голосованием), избрать (кого-либо кем-либо): e.g. Mr. N was elected President of the company eight months ago. / election — выборы; a general election — всеобщие выборы; to hold an election — прово­дить выборы: e.g. South Africa held its first multi-racial elections in 1994.

20. majority — большинство: e.g. In the recent election the Labour Party won the majority of seats in Parliament. [ Can be followed by a verb in the singular or plural: e.g. The majority of our employees are women.] / minority — мень­шинство: e.g. In London ethnic minorities settle in the East End.