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The verb as a part of speech. The problem of classification.

Verb is a part of speech expressing action and states represented as processes.

Example of the verb expressing action: to jump, to run, to walk, to work, to build

Verbs expressing states: to be, to have, to sleep, to grow, to process

According to the lexical meaning all verbs may be divided in to terminative (предельные) and non – terminative, intermediate verbs of double lexical character.

1) Terminative verbs (глаголы, имеющие внутренний предел). Express an action, having some inner end. That actions can not go on when they are exhausted: to come, to die, to find, to put on

2) non- Terminative verbs, verbs expressing action of the progress. There’s no internal limit in the lexical meaning of these words: to stand, to seat, to beat, to hate

3) Some verbs may be called double expect verbs which express a process or a single end: to see, to hea, to understand, to write

Grammatical categories:

1. person

2. number

3. tense

4. aspect

5. voice

6. mood

7. time-relation

Tense: the opposition: work – works – worked.

Meaning(Semantic Classification)

Verb is a part of speech which expresses actions & states, represented as processes

Actions: to run, ro jump, to go, to work.

States: to sleep, to be, to have, to grow.

Classific According to the Lexical Meaning:

-terminative предельные

-non-terminative (durative) непредельные

Terminative are those which express some inner limit. When this inner limit is reached, the action can’t go on. E.g. to come, to die, to sit down, to put on

Non-teminative: have no inner limit. E.g. to stand, to walk, to sit, to lie, to hate, to love.

Verbs of double Aspect Character (in some mngs can be durative(terminative), in other – durative)

To see – (видеть/увидеть) I can see. I’ve seen this film.

To hear – (слышать/услышать) I can hear. I heard a piece of news.

To understand – (понимать понять)

To read – (читать/прочитать)

Sometimes some

Non-terminative Vs may become terminative when we use a prefixies after them; or an Adv Modif of place: to stand/to stand up

Form: person/number (revealed only in the 3rd person Sg Present Simple), tense, aspect, mood, voice, time-relation/temporal correlation/relativity/taxis – временная соотнесенность (Смирницкий)

All grammatical categories can be presented as a system of oppositions.

Person and number: only form that supports the whole system (work – work-s liner morphem -s);

Tense: According to prof Irtenyeva, the Tense System of the E.L. is divided into 2 parts:

1. The tense forms of the present plane (including the future tense)

2...the past plane (including all past+Future in the Past)-> (Works-worked(marked by the presence of morpheme –ed, action which took place before present; or by a replacive morphem – 2nd form)

Aspect: Writes- is writing (marked by the presence of discontinuous morpheme is+Ving, mng of process)

Relativity: Writes – has written (presence of the discontinuous morpheme have+Ven, priority, complision)

Voice: Writes-is written (passive mng, discontinuous morpheme be+Ving)

Mood:I am a teacher-I wish I were a teacher. (real facts – Indicative, commands/requests/wishes – Imperative, unreality – Subjunctive)

Function: The finite V is always either a predicate or a part of a predicate. Combines with a noun in the left position: time flies or followed by a N: catch the bus, with D(adverbs): write quickly, sometimes may be followed by Adj: still waters run deep, the girl married young.

Most English V contain 1 root stem, other – can have suffixes(-ize, -ate, -fy): organize, modify.

Classification of English Verbs:

Semantic Principle (see above)

Morphological Criteria: the way how the basic forms of the V are built (infinitive, Past Indefinite, Participle 2, Participla1)

English Vs r divided into regular & irregular. Prof Smirnitsky tried to write Morphological Classification of English Vs. (Смирницкий «Морфология английского языка»)

Verbs:

*regular (open – opened - opened)

*Past Indefinite – regular way, Participle 2-irregular, e.g. show-showed-shown

*wholly irregular e.g. write-wrote-written

*suppletive Vs – built from different stems, e.g. eat-ate-eaten

*unchangeable Vs, e.g. cut-cut-cut

Paradigmatic Classification

In accordance with their syntactical functions: -notional I have a book. -auxilary I have done it. -semi-auxilary (modal) I have to go. -verb-substitutes Have you read the book? Yes, I have.

Syntagmatic Classification

Traditional Grammar divides all the Vs into Subjective & Objective.

Subjective (субъектные) are connected only with the Subject, don’t need any complement on the right. E.g. to shine, to run, to grow

Objective (объектные) those which demand some complement. Those Vs r usually transitive, but not necessary. He took a book. He looke at the girl. Traditional grammar recognize the subdivision into transitive and intransitive.

This classification is not complete. More sub-classes of objective Vs were established. A more detailed classification was worked out by Иртеньева, Шапхин, Барсова, Блох. They use V with some indexes:

Vi – intransitive Verbs – The stars shine.

Vtr – he wrote a letter.

Vbecome – He became a pilot

Vhave – He has a book. (have is not used in the passive, all the questions r formed w/o Vaux)

Vtr r divided:

Vtake – combine with 1 Nphrase, may be used in the passive. E.g. take, write, love, change, make, do.

She took a tray/A tray was taken.

Vgive – take 2 Ns after them. E.g She gave me a book. 2 passive costructions can be made: She brought her mother flowers. Flowers were brought to the mother. His mother was brought flowers.

Vlook at –type – Vs with fixed prepositions + Object, e.g. look at, depend on, listen to, think of.

He looked at(fixed prep) a girl(object). The girl was looked at.

Vput – Vs which demand an Object & then an Adv Modifier.

The phenomenon of V Migration.

To send - 1st used as Vtake: e.g. He sent a letter.

It may behave as Vgive e.g. He sent the girl a present.

As Vlook at: He sent for help.

As Vput: He sent his children to school.

One more classification was worked out by the representatives of Transformational Grammar on the formal ground. All Vs may be used in sentences which are called kernel sentences.

. Zellig Harris (“Cooccurrence and transformation”) named several sentences:

4 sentences with BE= NbeN (he’s a fool), NbeA (he’s nice), NbeD (the team was there), NbePrep (the book is of importance) and 3 sentences with V: NV(the books were bought), NVN (we’ll take the book), NVPrepN (they went on a strike).

Ilyish: aspect is a grammatical cat-ry of the V which expresses the difference in the way the action is shown to proceed.

It can be found in opposition: writes: is writing, wrote: was writing, will write: will be writing, has written: has been writing-> 0: beVing- discont. morpheme, the action proceeding continuously at a def. period of time within certain limits.

The question about the number of aspects in Englishis disputed.(1-no aspecs; 2-more than 2 aspects; 3-2spects) 1)Some West-European scholars treat aspect forms as forms of tense.(O.Jasperson “Philosophy of Grammar”) The polar opinion is expressed by Max Deutschbein: many aspects. “Die Einleitung der Aktions Arten” – «освещение видов действия». He distinguishes 9 aspects in English:

-iterative – repeated,(I always getted in the same shop. Iterative because of “always”. But! “always” is not a grammatical marker. It’s lexical.)

-frequantative,(He would sit for hours doing nothing)

-incoative (начинательный, зачинательный – to become, to grow) (You are getting wiser)

-intensive,(I do love you/or/ just stress)

-continuous,

-perfect

-resultative,

-imperfective,

-causative

We can’t except this point of view cos all the so called aspects are expressed not morphologically, but with the help of some lexical devices (always), or with the help of special lexical meanings of the verbs.

Another English Grammarian – Curme finds ingressive aspect (зачиненный). E.g. He begins to work at 7 o’clock. Грузинская thinks that there are 3 aspects: common, continuous, resultative.

Prof Ярцева и Иванова asserts that the English 1st form of a Verb is neutral to aspects, so there are no aspects. (not all verbs may be used in continuous aspect (feelings, emotion, mental persaption).

But still most think that there are common (non-continuous) & continuous aspects.

Usage & peculiarities of Aspect in English & in Russian

The systems of Russian (is expressed morphologically) & English Aspects don’t coincide.

In Russian – common & perfective

Посмотри, солнце всходит.(common) Look, the sun is rising. (continuous)

Посмотри, солнце взошло. (perfective) Look, the sun has risen. (common)


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