The first 2 types of words are most difficult for its active acquisition acc. to Ch. Frees

Meanings & notions are dialectical units but meanings in dif. languages do not always coincide. From this point of view Шатилов distinguish 4 types of words:

1)words the meanings of which in both languages completely coincide.

2)words in which the additional meaning has some connotations.

3)words in which only the main meaning coincide;

4)words which differ in their meaning.

Гезз Н.И., Ляховицкий suggest their own classification.

1)Cognates - international words and borrowings similar in form and in meaning in both languages e.g. demonstration, revolution, constitution, literature, hospital, hotel, etc.

2)Derivatives and compound words the elements of which are known to the pupils e.g. flower-bed, forget-me-not, schoolboy,etc.

3)Words which are similar in meaning but different in form e.g. a bed, a pen, a door, etc.

4) Words -realias which have no equivalent in native language e.g. lunch, brunch, omnibus, sheriff, Big Ben, etc.

5)Collocation & idioms, dif. in the construction e.g. Black & blue-синяк, black stocky - learned woman, once in a blue moon - редко, black list-черный лист, to be in blackout-быть в отключке, grey matter - мозги, yellowman - трус.

6)Words which are called descriptive cognates (ложные друзья переводчика) e.g. wallpaper - обои, pocket - карман, artist – художник.

7)Words with a wide scope of meanings in the foreign and in native languages e.g. education, etc.

8) Words with a less scope of meanings in the foreign language e.g. hand and arm, etc.

The rational approach to the problem of TV is to take into consideration the character of words, the difficulties they preserve in terms of their meaning, form and usage.

Acс. to school program for an ordinary school (beginning with 5^th form) the Active V. is distributed in this way: 5- 350w, 6-550, 7-700. 8-800, 9-850-900, 10- 1000.

Nowadays V. is arranged and selected acc. to a topical principle on the one hand and concentric approach on the other. Special texts on certain

'topics help to enlarge the V. The topical approach is often criticized as not quite adequate. Topical - (on the base of topic, theme), situational approach - (on the base of great number of situations).

Activities for young learners to teach vocabulary