Grammatical category is a group of features of a particular part of speech rendering by language and expressing the systemic correlation within their grammatical form.
Plan:1) meaning, 2) form, 3) function.
Noun.
1) Object, phenomenon, substance, abstract notion.
2) Unchangeable categories: concrete or abstract, animate or inanimate, common or proper, gender for animate nouns. Changeable categories: number and case (common and possessive).
3) Subject, object, subjective predicative.
Adjective.
1) Property of an object.
2) Unchangeable categories: qualitative or relative. Changeable categories: degrees of comparison – positive, comparative, superlative.
3) Attribute, adjective predicative.
Pronoun.
1) Indication or deixis.
2) Types (only personal pronouns can change their person, number and case):
- personal – he, she, is;
- possessive – my, yours, his;
- indicative – some(thing), any(thing);
- demonstrative – that, this;
- negative – no, nothing, nobody;
- interrogative – who, what, why.
3) Subject, object, attribute, a part of predicate.
Numeral.
1) Quantity and order.
2) Cardinal and ordinal.
3) Subject, a part of predicate, attribute.
Grammatical categories of verbal parts of speech (verb, adverb)
Verb.
1) Action or state.
2) Unchangeable categories: action or state, regular or irregular, transitive (have an object to receive the action – I read this book) or intransitive (the book fell). Changeable categories: finite (infinitive, have tense) or non-finite (participle, don’t have tense). For finite verbs: mood (imperative, subjective conditional, indicative). For indicative: active or passive voice. Tenses: present, past, future, future in the past. Aspect: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous. Number and person.
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3) Predicate, subject, object.
Adverb.
1) Property of an action or another property.
2) Unchangeable categories: qualitative or relative. Changeable categories: degrees of comparison – positive, comparative, superlative.
3) Adverbial modify.
Functional parts of speech. Modal words
Article is a functional part of speech showing characteristics of a noun.
Preposition is a functional part of speech showing the connection between other parts of speech.
Particle is a functional part of speech following the verb and giving additional meaning to it.
Conjunction is a functional part of speech showing the connection between parts of sentences and sentences.
Modal words express attitude to the utterance (perhaps, surely, etc.). Interjections express emotions (oh, hooray, etc.).