Text 1 taxation

UNIT 7 STATE TAX SYSTEM IN UKRAINE

Exercise 1.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) taxation	1) оподаткування
2) to raise money	2) залучати кошти
3) to require money	3) потребувати кошти
4) tax revenues	4) податкові надходження
5) the amount of taxes	5) сума (обсяг) податків
6) to impose tax	6) обкладати податком
7) to distribute	7) розподіляти
8) the burden of taxes	8) тягар податків
9) the source of revenues	9) джерело доходу
10) the remainder of revenues	10) залишок доходу
11) to charge fees for services	11) нараховувати плату за послуги
12) the gross domestic product	12) валовий внутрішній продукт
13) to raise taxes	13) підвищувати податки
14) to achieve social and economic objectives	14) досягти соціальних та економічних цілей

Exercise 1.2 Read and translate the text:

Taxation is a system of raising money to finance government. All governments require payments of money – taxes – form people. Governments use tax revenues to pay soldiers and police, to build dams and roads, to operate schools and hospitals, to provide food to the poor and medical care to the elderly and for hundreds of other purposes. Without taxes to fund its activities, government could not exist.

Throughout history, people have debated the amount and kinds of taxes that a government should impose, as well as how it should distribute the burden of those taxes across society. Unpopular taxes have caused public protests, riots, and even revolutions. In political campaigns, candidates’ views on taxation may partly determine their popularity with voters.

Taxation is the most important source of revenues for modern governments, typically accounting for 90 per cent or more of their income. The remainder of government revenue comes from borrowing and from charging fees for services. Countries differ considerably in the amount of taxes they collect. In the United States, about 28 per cent of the gross domestic product, a measure of economic output goes for tax payments. In Canada about 36 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product goes for taxes. In France the figure is 44 per cent, and in Sweden it is 51 per cent.

In addition to using taxation to raise money, governments may raise or lower taxes to achieve social and economic objectives, or to achieve political popularity with certain groups. Taxation can redistribute a society’s wealth by imposing a heavier tax burden on one group in order to fund services for another. Also, some economists consider taxation an important tool for maintaining the stability of a country’s economy.

Exercise 1.3 Math the equivalents:

1. The source of revenue	a) підвищувати податки
2. Tax revenues	b) валовий внутрішній продукт
3. Borrowing	c) податкові надходження
4. A measure of economic output	d) значно відрізнятись
5. An important tool for maintaining the stability	e) джерело доходів
6. To differ considerably	f) мірило економічного випуску
7. To achieve political popularity	g) перерозподіляти багатство
8. To raise taxes	h) важливий інструмент для підтримання стабільності
9. The gross domestic product	i) досягти політичної популярності
10. To redistribute a society’s wealth	j) позичка