XIII. Read Тext B and choose the sentence which best expresses the main idea of the text

Text B. What is Commodity?

The commodity is a product of labour made for exchange (обмен). Commodity production is a type of economic organization of society in which products are made for sale rather than for consumption (потребление) by the producers themselves.

For products of labour to become commodities, it is necessary, first of all, to have a division of labour whereby a person produces not everything he needs for his own consumption but specializes in some one kind of production. Secondly, the means of production must be owned by individuals or groups of individuals. When these two conditions exist (существуют), the sale and purchase of commodities become an economic necessity.

When we compare and evaluate commodities we are actually comparing the amount of labour contained in them. The labour embodied (воплощенный) in a commodity determines (определяет) the value of the commodity. Labour itself is not value. It only takes on a value when commodities are produced for exchange.

1. The text deals with the value.

2. The text is about commodity production and division of labour.

3. The text describes the commodity as a product of labour made for exchange and the conditions under which products of labour become commodities.

C. Test

XIV. State the Tense and the Voice of the following verbs:

For example:is done – 3.

1. was being done 2. is being carried out 3. was being exhibited 4. will be teaching 5. will be done 6. was taught

1. Present Continuous Passive 2. Past Continuous Passive 3. Present Indefinite Passive 4. Past Indefinite Passive 5. Future Indefinite Passive 6. Future Continuous Passive

XV. State the part of speech of the following words:

darkness farming driver lioness provision installation

extraordinary separately difference fundamentally modernize utilize

1. существительное

2. прилагательное

3. наречие

4. глагол

XVI. Choose Russian words corresponding to the following English ones:

1. expenditure 2. monetary 3. acquire 4. production cost 5. commodity 6. vice versa 7. wage(s) 8. material means 9. cost accounting

1. денежный 2. приобретать; получать 3. издержки производства 4. расход; трата 5. наоборот 6. заработная плата 7. материальные средства 8. товар; продукт 9. хозрасчёт

UNIT 4

Grammar: The Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice.

Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения

времени и места.

Word Building: Suffixes -age, -dom, -hood, -(i) ty, -al.

Text A: Cost.

Text B: Production.

A. FOR STUDY

Таблица 1

Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге

(The Perfect Tenses in the Passive Voice)

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
	Present
I have He has been asked. She We have been You have asked. They have	Have I Has he been asked? she Have we you been asked? they	I have not He has been She asked. We have not You been They asked.
	Past
I He She had been We asked. You They	I he Had she been we asked? you they	I He She had not We been asked. You They
	Future
I shall He will She have We shall been You will asked. They	Shall I Will he have she been Shall we asked? Will you they	I shall He will not She have We shall been You will asked. They