Philippine English

English functions in Manila since 1762 when the British invaded the country, but got rooted in 1898 when the USA took the government. Americans set up education system with English as the language of education.

l After independence the Philippines government followed the same line with parallel usage of Filipino. In private schools arranged by Catholic Church dual system is valid and English prevails.

l American spelling prevails.

l Educated people prefer American pronunciation.

l Mispronunciation

lead /i/ as in leader

salmon / l/ is pronounced

climber / b/ is pronounced

Wrong syllables are stressed:

l Comfortable - /komFORtabl/

l Preferable /preFERabl/

l Admirable /adMYrabl/

l Category /kaTEGori/

l Ceremony /seREmoni/

l Short /u/ turns into long /u/:

Frustration / froostr../

Suspend /soospend/

T, k, p are pronounced without aspiration

Vocabulary and usage

C.R. – Comfort Room = toilet, bathroom

Get/ go down the bus – get off the bus

Open/ close the light – Switch on/off the

Every now and then - often

Japlish/ Janglish/ Engrish

l Japlish/ Janglish are typically considered more derogatory and referred to any East Asian language.

l Engrish is a pejorative term used to describe attempts of Japanese writers to create English words and phrases, or mistranslation of an original Japanese text, exotic embellishment of the text in ads.

l Engrish is applied to East Asian languages as they do not separate L and R sounds.

l Engrish refers to Japanese pronunciation of English loan words.

l Engrish occurs commonly in electronics produce manuals.

l Engrish is used in Japanese pop culture as English is considered to be extremely fashionable.

l Humorous English mistakes which appear in Japanese advertising and product design

l Engrish can be found in other countries but the funniest examples come from Japan

l Some of the English-based Japanese coinages can be used as Japanese originated English.

l Actually, walkman, karaoke, play station, case-by-case, or forward-looking have already been received internationally, while nighter (bargain), washlet, hot carpet, or paper driver may have a good chance of adoption if appropriately introduced.

Nihonglish

l Badly pronounced and ungrammatical Japanese produced by a native English speaker. Usage is intentional either with sarcastic or humorous intent. NB! Japanese bites back!

Variants of English