Outline

1. Etymological characteristics of the English vocabulary.

2. Words of native origin.

3. The foreign component in the English vocabulary.

4. Assimilation of borrowings.

5. Etymological doublets.

6. International words (for independent study).

Exercises & Tasks

Exercise 1. Here are some English words that still betray which language they have been borrowed from. Without looking them up, make an intelligent guess at their language of origin.

addendum (plural, addenda), baguette, cannelloni, con brio, criterion (plural, criteria), id est (i.e.), in loco parentis, manana, sang-froid, vis-a-vis, zucchini.

Exercise 2. Comment on the origin of the following geographical names.

Aberdeen, Beaulieu, Beckford, Cambridge, Chester, Derby, Essex, Grimsby, Lancashire, Lancaster, London, Manchester, Oxford, Sussex, Worcester.

Exercise 3. What is the difference between the words in the following pairs? Analyse the examples and prove that etymological and stylistic characteristics of words are closely interrelated.

motherly ‒ maternal,

fatherly ‒ paternal,

childish ‒ infantile,

daughterly ‒ filial,

womanly ‒ feminine,

brotherly ‒ fraternal,

to begin ‒ to commence,

to wish ‒ to desire,

to love ‒to adore,

to build ‒ to construct,

to go on ‒ to proceed,

to take part in ‒ to participate.

to rise ‒ to mount ‒ to ascend,

to ask ‒ to question ‒ to interrogate,

fire ‒ flame ‒ conflagration,

fear ‒ terror ‒ trepidation,

holy ‒ sacred ‒ consecrated,

time ‒ age ‒ era,

goodness ‒ virtue ‒ probity.

Exercise 4. Study the following Latin roots. Give words containing these roots.

audio ‒ слухати;

centum ‒ сто;

circus ‒ круг;

civilis ‒ цивільний, громадський, державний;

lingua ‒ мова, мовлення;

porto ‒ носити, доставляти;

scribe, scriptum ‒ писати, написаний;

specto ‒ дивитися;

video ‒ бачити, зір;

visus ‒ видіння;

vita ‒ життя.

Exercise 5. Give Modern English equivalents of the following abbreviations of Latin origin.

A.D. (Anno Domini), a.m. (ante meridiem), d (dinarius), e.g. (exempli gratia), etc. (et cetera), i.e. (id est), lb (libre), op.cit. (opus citatum), p.a. (per anum), p.m.(post merediem), s (solidi), v.v. (vice versa).

Exercise 6. Arrange the following names of geographical places into two groups according to their origin: Celtic or Latin.

Aberdeen, Avon, Chester, Concaster, Dover, Dunbar, Gloucester, Kent, Lancaster, Lincoln, Manchester, Trent, Thames, Worchester, Winchester, Leicester.

Exercise 7. Give adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns.

Model: father ‒ paternal;

heaven ‒ celestial.

Brother, child, daughter, foe, friend, husband, man, mother, son, wife, woman, youth; blood, body, ear, eye, hand, head, heart, kidney, lip, mind, mouth, nose, akin, tongue, tooth; cat, cow, dog, fox, horse, ox, sheep, worm; cloud, day, earth, fire, life, light, moon, night, sea, spring, star, stream, sun, time; book, egg, home, house, island, milk, name, room, sight, town, tree, truth, war, water.

Exercise 8. Study the following Greek roots. Supply words containing these roots. Illustrate the meaning of these words by the examples of your own.

autos, automates ‒ сам;

bios ‒ життя;

chronos, chronikos ‒ час;

demos ‒ народ;

grapho ‒ писати;

homos ‒ однаковий;

lexis, lexicon ‒ слово, словник;

logos ‒ вчення;

onoma ‒ ім’я;

phone ‒ звук;

phos, photos ‒ світло;

scopeo ‒ спостерігати; роздивлятися;

tele ‒ далеко.

Exercise 9. Pick out the Ukrainian borrowings from the following sentences; translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. They tried to reveal the mystery of the legendary Hetman Pavlo Polubotok's treasures.

2. The first donation of 1.000.000 karbovanets was made by the Lviv Regional State Administration.

3. Ukraine is the biggest supplier of horilka.

4. The Association "Svit Kultury" has done a lot: it organized the international festivals of Ukrainian songs "Zoloti Trembity", competitions of kobza players and spiritual music.

5. Now the "Pysanka" duet has in its repertoire spring songs: gaivki, vesnianki;... Christmas songs - shchedrivki, koliadki.

6. The tune to the concert was set by kobzar Pavlo Suprun.

7. Regional ethnographers of Zaporizhya have found evidence of scholars' suppositions that Zaporizhyan Cossaks had an undersea fleet.

8. Mr. Chornovil announced that Rukh was going to launch a massive campaign called "The Spring of Ukraine".

9. In the Philharmonic Society Hall, the forgotten legends about pysanka... and Easter songs were heard for the first time after many years of oblivion.

10. Perhaps as fate willed Oxana Savchuk - a singer from Bukovina, and Ivan Kavatsyuk - a musician from Gutsulland, met each other at the first All-Ukrainian variety song festival "Chervona Ruta".

Exercise 10. Analyse the words of Scandinavian origin given in the bold type. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian/Russian.

1. She had wanted a great many things in her life; she had them all now. Wealth and

position, a kind husband, two dear little girls, beauty, youth.

2. Mrs. Hardisty had a roomy house in Laguna Street, with dark front windows.

3. Sure she ought to take a vacation and skip to New York, he said.

4. Lee pattered about without his usual smiles.

5. The curtains at the high windows were of kid skins laced together.

6. Avery was down at Catalina at the moment, fishing for big game fish.

7. There is not a single cloud in the sky.

8. At last he knew that he was going to die.

9. She was a Russian Princess, and had driven all the way from Finland in a sledge drawn by six reindeer.

10. And as he slept he dreamed a dream.

11. "And he has actually got one of my best blooms,"exclaimed the White Rose-Tree.

12. Something scuffled in the yard, and she started.

13. He was in build what they call a tight little fellow.

14. "Have you any cause which shows why the judgement of death should not now be pronounced against you according to law?".

15. The king continued to call his Great Council together, a meeting of feudal lords which gave the king information on the state of the country and which had to raise money for him.

Exercise 11. Compare the meaning of the following etymological doublets. State their origin. Translate the doublets into Ukrainian/Russian.

eatable ‒ edible,

naked ‒ nude,

nine ‒ noon;

bench ‒bank,

corn ‒ grain,

lapel ‒ label,

name ‒ noun,

ward ‒ guard,

word ‒ verb;

draw ‒ drag,

hale ‒ hail,

shabby ‒ scabby,

shirt ‒ skirt,

shriek ‒ screech;

cathedral ‒ chair,

deacon ‒ dean,

papyrus ‒ paper;

chief ‒ chef,

hostel ‒ hotel,

saloon ‒ salon,

sergeant ‒ servant,

suit ‒ suite;

camp ‒ campus,

cross ‒ crux,

inch ‒ ounce,

street ‒ stratum;

canal ‒ channel,

card ‒ chart.

Exercise 12. From the list below pick up international words, words which have partial equivalents in Ukrainian/Russian and false friends of translator:

test, object, decade, process, address, figure, faculty, minister, objective, collection, notation, journal, pilot, data, model, expression, novel, negative, license, order, scholar, complement, problem, category, expertise, specialization, regular, academic, coupe, selection, routine, presentation, concern, anonymous, formalism, final, control, intelligence, concrete, technique.