D. Elevation of meaning

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Marshal Von Grock was a true Prussian... He had the sense of reality which belongs to soldiers.

2. You can leave that to me. I've got a splendid idea.

3. He accepted the lady's invitation to come down and stay at her little cottage at Chipping Somerton.

4. "You've been wonderful, simply wonderful... You've been an angel," said Frankie.

5. Eliduc's overlord was the king of Brittany, who was very fond of the knight and looked after his interests.

6. When Johnson closed the door, Sharkey gazed after him. What a good comrade he is, he thought.

7. She's amusing to talk to and she's nice to look at.

Exercise 5. Comment on the phenomenon of metaphor. State on what signs of resemblance the following cases of metaphor are used.

arm (рукоятка), bridge (перенісся), boat (посудина для підливи), ear (вушко), egg (бомба), elephantine (величезний), eye (очко, отвір), face (фасад),

finger (стрілка), foot (підніжжя), hand (стрілка), heart (центр), leg (ніжка), mouth (отвір), nose (носик), tube (метро).

Exercise 6. Study the following proverbial sayings containing the names of animals, birds and insects used metaphorically. Give Ukrainian equivalents. Supply situations in which they can be used.

1. Bull in a china-shop. 2. Can the leopard change his spots? 3. A dog in the monger.

4. A frog in the throat. 5. A snake in the grass. 6. It's raining cats and dogs. 7. To take a bee

line. 8. As a crow flies. 9. Donkey work. 10. To cherish a viper in one's bosom. 11. Hare

may pull dead lions by the bear. 12. Cat-and-dog existence. 13. Fox is not taken twice in

the same snare. 14. Wolf in sheep's clothing.

Exercise 7. Comment on a special group of metaphors comprising transitions of proper names into common ones. State what we mean when we call a person:

Adonis, Cicero, Don Juan, Don Quixot, Othello, Vandal.

Exercise 8. Trace the way of changing the meaning in the following words.

ampere ‒ французький фізик → одиниця сили струму;

cockney ‒ лондонець із низів → просторіччя;

fork ‒ виделка → розвилка;

glass ‒ скло → склянка;

glove ‒ долоня → рукавичка;

iron ‒ залізо → праска;

knit ‒ в’язати вузли → в’язати спицями;

root ‒ корінь рослини → корінь слова;

tower ‒ вежа на Темзі, побудована в XI ст. → вежа;

win ‒ боротися → боротися і перемагати → перемагати.