Questions

1. How many meanings for the word “translation” are there?
2. Give a short definition of translating.
3. What operations does one fulfill in the process of translation?
4. Give a definition and examples of interlineal, literal, free and communicative translation.
5. Is total equivalence attainable? Give definitions and examples of formal and functional equivalents.
6. What ground rules for translation do you remember?

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 1

1. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents for the italicized words and explain your choice. Translate the text into Ukrainian in written form.

So What Is Engineering?

The engineering industry makes most of the things that are essential and useful: aerospace, cars, hospitals equipment, telecommunications and even the humble kettle. Engineering also makes most of the things other industries need from cash dispensers and electronic mail for the banking industry to microphones and staging for the entertainment industry. In the production of everything from chocolates to the Channel Tunnel, the key individuals are the engineers. It’s an industry that still contributes significantly to the wealth of the UK, the very diverse manufacturing industry sector alone generates around a third of the national wealth and employs approximately 32 percent of the working population.

In the recent years, engineering has changed out of all recognition. The sheer speed of change in many manufacturing technologies is starting. Thanks to the introduction of computers and new technologies like Virtual Reality, people are more in control than ever. This also means the engineering employers are looking for people with a wider range of skills and personalities: from lone - theorists to more gregarious and practical individuals; from managers who can handle people, lead teams and solve problems, to creative designers with a keen sense of market realities. Engineering needs them all – women as well as men.

2. Translate into Ukrainian. Indicate translation loss, if any.