P l a n

1. The expressing of the unreal action.

2. The difference between Subjunctive II and the conditional mood.

3. Types of conditional sentences.

4. Ways of translating the conditional sentences.

The conditional mood expresses an unreal action the unreality of which is due to the absence of the necessary conditions: If the absolute voltage level fluctuated, the output would be displayed on an oscilloscope.

The conditional mood is formed with the help of the auxiliary verbs should (would) for the first person singular and plural and would for the second and third persons singular and plural.

The conditional mood has two forms: non-perfect (should/ would come) and perfect (should/would have come). The non-perfect form of the conditional mood is used to refer the action to the present or the future. It expresses simultaneousness. The perfect form expresses priority. / should be more surprised if they failed to find clues than if they didn't. If they hadn't shaped the dopants in ways that kept them from aligning, they wouldn't have created a swift-working polymer modulator that requires only about 0.8 volt.

The conditional mood is used:

1. In sentences and clauses of implied condition after the combination but for and otherwise: But for his help they would not have finished the work in time. — Если бы не его помощь, они бы не закончили работу вовремя./Якби не його допомога, вони б не завершили роботу вчасно. We were lucky that the weather was fine. Otherwise we should have put off our outing. — На щастя, була ясна погода. Інакше нам довелося б відкласти поїздку.

The condition may be implied by the context: I would n't believe him — Я б йому не повірила. I wouldn't have believed that. But I saw it with my own eyes. — Я б не повірила цьому. Але я бачила це на власні очі.

2. In the principal clause of sentences with adverbial clauses of unreal condition and concession: If I were you I should go there at once. If he had helped you yesterday you would have fi nished your work already. Even if he had helped them they w ould not have finished the work in time.

Sentences with adverbial clauses of condition are usually called conditional sentences. You have probably already mastered the four types of conditional sentences. In this chapter you will review them.

There are four types of conditional sentences:

Type I. Sentences of real condition. In such sentences the indicative mood is used both in the principal clause and in the subordinate clause. If it is really so, I can only say that I am sorry for it. — Якщо це справді так, я можу тільки сказати, що шкодую про це.

Туре II. Sentences of unreal condition referring to the present or the future. In such sentences the non-perfect form of the conditional mood is used in the principal clause and the non-perfect form of subjunctive II is used in the adverbial subordinate clause of condition. If he came into this room now, I'd know him right off. — Якщо б він зайшов в цю кімнату зараз, я зразу б його впізнала.

Type III. Sentences of unreal condition referring to the past. In such sentences the perfect form of the conditional mood is used in the principal clause and the perfect form of subjunctive II is used in the adverbial clause: If she had worked hard, she would have finished the work long ago. — Якщо б вона працювала наполегливо, вона б давно завершила цю роботу.

Type IV. Mixed conditional sentences. They are combinations of sentences of type II and type III, that is, one of the clauses refers to the present or to the future, while the other refers to the past: If they had finished the work yesterday, they would be free now. — Якщо б вони завершили роботу вчора, вони були б зараз вільні.

English, Ukrainian moods, though fundamentally alike, have a number of distinctions: thus Ukrainian imperative mood includes a number meanings not found in English (Cf. читай — читайте). Ukrainian subjunctive mood forms are uniform (Cf. читав би, читали б); in English their forms are markedly varied (invite, should invite, would invite, invited, had invited, etc.). In Ukrainian one and the same mood form serves to express different shades of non-fact (cf. Я наполягаю на тому, щоб він зробив це сам — problematic, якби він тоді зробив це сам — contrary to reality). English mood forms are differentiated: some are used to present an act as problematic (I insist that he should do it himself), others — as contradicting reality (If he had done /f] himself, it would be different now).

The suppositional mood, subjunctive I, subjunctive II and the conditional mood are translated into Ukrainian by means of subjunctive mood forms {частка б (би) + дієслово в минулому часі): Such a system is bound to be unpopular among most Europeans, and if the Federal party were to support it they would undoubtedly weaken their chances in the forthcoming federal elections. — Така системи напевно не буде популярною серед більшості європейців, і якщо федеральна партія стала б (чомусь) її підтримувати, вона, без сумніву, зменшила б свої шанси на перемогу в майбутніх виборах. Had this policy been adopted the subsequent history of the treaty might well have been quite different. Якщо б була прийнята така політика, то майбутня історія цього договору могла би бути зовсім іншою.

The suppositional mood and subjunctive I are to be translated Into Ukrainian by means of the future tense in the indicative mood when they are used to denote a resolution or suggestion which has not yet been adopted: A resolution proposed that he be appointed as a consulting engineer. — У рішенні пропонували призначити його инженером-консультантом. It was recommended that a special report should be submitted — Рекомендується представити спеціальну доповідь.