Attribute

(introduced by prepositions of, for)

1) a noun (in the genetive case): Various methods of cooling transformers are adopted in practice depending upon the size and the local conditions. — На практиці застосовують різні методи охолодження трансорфматорів у залежності від їх розмірів і місцевих умов.

2) an infinitive: The scientist's demand of being more fully informed concerning the subject discussed was accepted. — Вимогу вченого отримати повнішу інформацію про предмет, що обговорювався, підтримали.

Adverbial modifier

a) of time (after, before, on, it, at); b) of cause (for, through, owing to); c) of manner (by, in, without); d) of purpose (for); e) of concession (in spite of); f) of condition (without); g) of attendant circumstances (without)

1) a noun: Each specimen is tested again after being lowered into the acid. — Кожний зразок випробовують знову після занурення у кислоту.

2) a participle: The manufacturers have the option of cancelling the contract upon giving prompt notice to buyers. — Фірма-виробник має право анулювати контракт, заздалегідь попередивши при цьому замовників.

3) a finite verb form in a subordinate clause: On having been used through a small transformer the electric current operated the radio. — Коли електричний струм пропустили через невеликий трансформатор, він забезпечив роботу передавача.

The Gerund and the Infinitive. In modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive.

Verbs after which only the gerund is used:

a) avoid, deny, enjoy, excuse, finish, give up, go on, keep (on), postpone, put off, delay, require, risk, prevent, suggest;

b) accuse of, agree to, approve of, complain of, depend on, insist on, object to, persist in, prevent from, rely on, speak of, succeed in, suspect of, thank for, think of, look forward to;

c) be aware of, be capable of, be fond of, be guilty of, be pleased (displeased) at, be proud of, be sure of, be surprised (astonished) at.

With a number of verbs and word groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be used: begin, cease, continue, can (not) afford, fear, hate, intend, like, dislike, prefer, propose, remember, recollect, start, stop.

QUESTIONS

1. Point out the main characteristics of the Gerund.

2. Comment on the possible ways of translating the participle. Give examples.

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 5

1. Translate the text into Ukrainian. Find in the text the Verbals and analyse them.