French Loan-word

Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language.

French. Law and government:attorney, bailiff, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime,defendent, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, larceny, noble,parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict.Church:abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest,religion, sacrament, saint, sermon

Nobility: baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess;prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal

(contrast native words: king, queen, earl, lord, lady, knight, kingly,

queenly)Military:army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal,

defense,enemy,marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer

Cooking:beef, boil, broil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast,salmon, stew, veal.Culture and luxury goods:art, bracelet, claret, clarinet, dance, diamond, fashion, fur, jewel,oboe, painting, pendant, satin, ruby, sculpture.Other:adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor,feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror,pilgrimage, proud, question, regard, special

Also Middle English French loans: a huge number of words in age, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, -tion, con-, de-, and pre-.

Sometimes it's hard to tell whether a given word came from French or whether it was taken straight from Latin. Words for which this difficulty occurs are those in which there were no special sound and/or spelling changes of the sort that distinguished French from Latin.

IV. Early Modern English Period (1500-1650)

The effects of the renaissance begin to be seriously felt in England. We see the beginnings of a huge influx of Latin, Greek French words, many of them learned words imported by scholars well versed in those languages. V. Modern English (1650-present)

Period of major colonial expansion, industrial/technological revolution, and American immigration.

Words from European languages.French: French continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).High culture:ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne,chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet,sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faire.War and Military:bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonetOther:bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shock.French Canadian: chowder

Louisiana French (Cajun):jambalaya

20.Scandinavian influence.

The greater part of lexical borrowings from O Scand were not recorded until the 13^th c. The presence of the Scandinavians in the English population is indicated by a large number of place-names in the northern and eastern areas: more frequent are with such components:thorp-<village> e.g.Woodthorp; toft <piece of land>e.g.Brimtoft; ness<cape>e.g.Inverness.

The total number of Scandinavian borrowings in E. is estimated at about 900 words. It is difficult to define the spheres of Scand. borrowings: they mostly pertain to everyday life and don’t differ from native words.Only the earliest loan-words deal with military and legal matters: Late OE barda, cnearr,(different types if ships), cnif(NE knife), orrest(battle), lazu –law, hūsbonda-husband, the verb tacan – take. Everyday words: nouns: bag, band, cake, egg, seat, sky, window. adject.: happy, ill, odd, ugly, weak. verb s: call, die, hit, lift, take, want.

It is difficult to distinguish Scand. loans from native words, the only criteria-phonetic features: the consonant cluster [sk]:sky, skill; [k]&[g]: before front-vowels:kid, girth. But,still, these criteria are not always reliable. The intimate relations of the languages resulted also in phonetic modification of native words: give, gift.