Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words

1. Tough times in the economy have often been the best times to start a new business. Great companies born in a recession include General Electric, Walt Disney, Burger King and Microsoft.

2. Never in recent economic history have interest rates been so low for so many for so long. It is a safe bet that central banks in America, Britain, the euro zone, Japan and Switzerland will not be increasing short-term interest rates this year.

3. Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to be damned and no body to be kicked?” So said Lord Thurlow, an 18th-century English lawyer. Today, most legal systems outside America assume that companies act through individuals. The authorities' usual approach to corporate crime is to pursue those responsible. Americans, on the other hand, think that companies as legal entities can be criminal. That reflects a belief that the culture of a corporation can produce malfeasance.

4.In the developed world, the period since the turn of the millennium has been a particular disappointment. Since the end of 1999 the return on American equities (доходы по акциям) has been 7.6 percentage points a year lower than that on government bonds.

5.The Qatar Investment Authority (QIA)—the country’s sovereign wealth fund—has acquired a stake in Royal Dutch Shell. There are no details so far about the exact size of the stake, but it is thought to be less than 3%—given(учитывая) that under UK stockmarket regulations it is obligatory for any party to disclose a holding of more than this amount in a listed company.

6. The value of equity capital is computed by estimating the current market value of everything owned by the company from which the total of all liabilities is subtracted. On the balance sheet of the company, equity capital is listed as stockholders' equity or owners' equity. Also called equity financing or share capital.

7.Big firms have easy access to credit, but smaller private firms find it hard to raise finance for working capital, which in turn restricts their hiring.

8.The bodies that lay out the rules on how firms must prepare their accounts are getting ready for a battle. Standard-setters in America and Britain believe ever more strongly in the principle that companies should “mark to market” all financial assets and liabilities —that is, record them at their current market value, rather than at historical cost, as happens now. It would entail sweeping changes to accounting.

9.As a rule government borrowing generates inflation, widens the external deficit and crowds out much-needed investment and only a few countries can overcome their debt addiction.

10. Janata Bank has introduced interest-free loans for landless and marginal farmers to meet their fund requirement during seasonal cultivation.

11. Equities represent ownership in a company or asset but only after all debts are paid off.

B) REVENUE

All the money coming into a company during a given period is revenue. Revenue minus the cost of sales and operating expenses, such as rent and salaries, is known as profit, earnings or net income. The part of its profit that a company pays to its shareholders is a dividend. Companies pay a proportion of their profits to the government as tax, to finance government spending. They also retain, or keep, some of their earnings for future use. Companies give information about their financial situation in financial statements. The balance sheet shows the company’s assets - the things it owns; its liabilities - the money it owes; and its capital. The profit and loss account shows the company’s revenues and expenses during a particular period, such as three months or a year.