Topic: Prominent European educators

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I. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

enlightener – просвітник

to be appreciated – бути визнаним

indignation – обурення

to stick to – відповідати

improvement – удосконалення

inclination – схильність

consistently – послідовно

to expose – розкрити (значення)

to condemn – засуджувати

II. Read and translate the following text:

Jean-Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778) – French enlightener and educator. In 1762 his novel “Emil or about upbringing” was published in France. But it was not appreciated and even caused indignation.

Rousseau paid great attention to the child’s personality and individuality. His general principles in upbringing were:

- particular forms of upbringing and education should correspond each age period;

- upbringing should be labour;

- physical exercises should go before intellectual upbringing.

Upbringing should be closely connected with a nature and should have natural character, what means stick to the development of child’s organism and his skills.

Johann-Heinrich Pestalocci (1746-1827) was born in Switzerland, Zurich.

His philosophy was greatly influenced by Rousseau’s pedagogical ideas.

The main goal of upbringing, according to Pestalocci, is the development of natural human skills and their constant improvement. All good inclinations have to be maximally developed.

Pestalocci considered visuality to be the most important principle of education. He suggested children should be taught systematically, consistently, accessibly and fruitfully.

He paid much attention to primary education and worked a lot at methodology of primary school.

But one of the most outstanding educators is truly considered I. A. Komensky. One may say that he laid the foundation of a pedagogical science, formed main principles of education and determined general class rules and procedures.

Komensky was born in Czech Republic, in 1592. While working as a teacher, later as a principal of a gymnasium, he worked at his famous book “Great Didactics”.

He worked out the periods and system of school education. He divided the whole child’s life into 4 age periods: mother school, mother tongue school, Latin school and academy.

In “Great didactics” Komensky not only organized precise system of upbringing and education, but also exposed the sense of main principles: visuality, consciousness, activity, consistency and system, getting sound knowledge and skills. He published his own textbooks, (“Open doors to languages and all sciences”, “Visible world in pictures”) that corresponded to his content and methodology of education. They were very popular among teachers.

Komensky also valued moral education and stressed that a baby wasn’t born with moral features, he was brought up to have them. Discipline was one of the main things in schooling, but he condemned corporal punishment.

“The value of a nation is its attitude to school and teachers”, he always said. He dreamt that teachers would become the source of light and wisdom.

He singled out quarters and semesters, and a lesson as a main educational form.

Komensky was the first educator, who made a system of schools and education. He is rightfully considered the founder of a modern school.

III. Choose the correct variant:

1. “Emil or about education / upbringing ” was published in 1762.

2. Age played / did not play an important role in upbringing.

3. Pestalocci paid much attention to secondary / primary education.

4. Pestalocci worked a lot at methodology / psychology of a school.

5. Komensky divided the child’s life into four / five periods.

6. Komensky valued teachers / state as a tool of teaching.

IV. Complete the sentences with the words from the box:

correspond, character, inclinations, accessibility, system, moral, condemn, source, punishment