Объясните следующие утверждения

1. A trademark is a valuable asset jealously guarded by its owners.

2. Make yourself familiar with what might be considered trademark
infringement.

GLOSSARY

accomplish an illegal action — совершать противозаконное действие bring action — возбуждать судебное дело co-defendant — соответчик commit libel — оклеветать copyright — авторское право

copyright — обеспечивать авторское право

copyright law — законы о защите авторских прав

copyright notice — предупреждение о сохранении авторского пращ

copyright protection — охрана авторских прав defamation — клевета defendant — ответчик

fight a lawsuit — защищать иск в суде, отстаивать дело impairment of reputation - нанесение ущерба репутации inflict injury — причинять вред

infringe on a trademark - нарушать закон о торговой марке infringement - нарушение lawsuit — судебный иск legal action — судебный иск libel — письменная клевета

libel suit — иск о клевете

litigation — судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба plaintiff — истец

ramification of libel law — ответвление, часть закона о клевете regulatory agencies — органы государственной власти slander — клевета, злословие; устная клевета, оскорбление trademark law - закон о торговой марке trial — судебный процесс

Ключи

1.1с; 2Ь; ЗЬ; 4а; 5а

2. 1с; 2е; За; 4b; 5d

3. 1 — liable; 2 — defamation; 3 — trial; 4 — damaging; 5 — disseminate

6. la; 2b; 3a; 4a; 5c;

7. lb; 2d; 3e; 4c; 5a

8. 1 - libel; 2 - contempt; 3 - inflict; 4 - negligent; 5.■-* disregard

Lb; 2a; 3b; 4c; 5a

Lc; 2e; 3a; 4b; 5d

Copyright; 2 - free; 3 - applied; 4 - feature; 5 - permissible

Lc; 2a; 3b; 4a; 5b

Lc; 2e; 3d; 4a; 5b

Infringed; 2 - lawsuit; 3 - advisories; 4 - intent; 5 - restricted; 6 — asset

Part Four

Legal Texts for Scanning Reading

Ujnit One

THE AIMS OF LAW

Law has several aims. They are all concerned with making society more stable and enabling people to flourish. The law forbids certain ways of behaving like murder*, libel*, and requires others, like paying income tax*. If people disobey the rules* the law threatens them with something unpleasant (often called a sanction*), like being punished or having to pay compensation*. The idea is that within this framework of do's and don'ts people can live more securely*. If they are more secure they will treat one another better.

A second aim is the following. Laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, make wills*, take employment, form companies and so on that the state will if necessary enforce* these arrangements.

A third aim is to settle disputes* about what the law is and whether it has been broken*. Taking these three aims together, we see that law not only threatens* those who do what it forbids* but promises to protect* people's interests. It imposes restrictions* on them but also gives them certain guarantees.

Lastly, a very important aim of law is to settle what the system of government is to be. Today and for the last few hundred years we have been mainly governed by sovereign states. That is changing. We are now increasingly governed, indirectly or directly, by international bodies (for example the European Union). But the state still occupies centre stage, especially when it comes to enforcing laws.

Notes

murder — убийство

libel - клевета (письменная), диффамация

pay income tax — платить подоходный налог

disobey the rules — не подчиняться правилам

sanction - санкция

pay compensation — выплачивать компенсацию

live securely — жить в безопасности

make wills — составлять завещания

enforce — обеспечивать соблюдение, исполнение

settle disputes - разрешать споры, разногласия

break the law — нарушать закон

threaten - угрожать

forbid — запрещать

protect - защищать

impose restrictions - накладывать ограничения

LAW, PUBLIC LAW

Law, body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, and judicial opinions, that is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of its members.

Law serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful and orderly society*. Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes* in a civilized fashion*.

Property and contract laws facilitate* business activities and private planning. Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit* social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

Notes

peaceful and orderly society — общество мира и порядка by resolving disputes — разрешая споры, разногласия in a civilized fashion — цивилизованным образом facilitate — создавать, предоставлять условия inhibit — запрещать

DEVELOPMENT OF LAW

Historically, the simplest societies were tribal*. Even in the absence of courts and legislatures there was law — a blend* of custom, morality, religion, and magic*. Wrongs against the tribe, such as sacrilege* or breach of tribal custom*, were met with ridicule* and hostility by the group. Wrongs against individuals, such as murder, theft, or failure to repay a debt*, were avenged* by the family of the victim.

One of the most significant developments in the history of law were the Twelve Tables of Rome. Engraved in the 5th century ВС, the tables were largely a declaration of existing custom concerning such matters as property, payment of debts, and appropriate compensation or other remedies* for damage* to persons. The Twelve Tables serve as a historical basis for the widespread modern belief that fairness* in law demands that it be in written form. These tables led to civil-law codes that provide the main source of law in much of the world.

The common-law systems of England, and later of the United States, began with various local customs. New rules created a system of centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that superseded* the earlier laws.

Notes

tribal - общинный

blend — смесь

magic — колдовство, магия

sacrilege — святотатство, богохульство

breach of tribal customs — нарушение общинного обычая

ridicule — осмеяние, насмешка

failure to repay a debt — неспособность вернуть долг

avenge — мстить

remedies — возмещение

damage — ущерб

fairness -^ справедливость