The European Parliament

The EC Parliament is not to be equated with the Westminster model. It cannot legislate in its own right, it does not possess any form of parliamentary sovereignty, and it exercises limited but growing supervisory powers. In particular the Parliament:

1. advises the Council of Ministers on Commission proposals;

2. with the Council of Ministers, determines the budget for the Community;

3. exerts some political control over the Council and Commission;

4. by debate can attract publicity to issues which then have to be
considered by the Commission or the Council.

The European Parliament has 518 members who represent the citizens of the Community. Members are directly elected and serve for a period of five years. The citizens of France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are each represented by 81 members; Spain by 60 members; the Netherlands by 25 members; Belgium, Greece and Portugal each by 24 members; Denmark by 16, Ireland by 15 and Luxembourg by 6 members. The composition of Parliament makes it a fully integrated Community institution. The members do not sit in Parliament in national groups but in political party groups. The six main political party groups at present are the Communists, Socialists, European People's Party, European Progressive Democrats, European Democrats and the Liberal and Democratic Group.

The European Parliament meets on average once a month, for sessions which last up to a week. It has 18 standing committees which discuss proposals made by the Commission. The committees present reports on these proposals for debate by the full Parliament. Decisions made by Parliament are influential on the Council of Ministers but are not binding. However, direct

elections have given Parliament greater political authority and new prestige both inside and outside the Community. The Parliament has the right to question members of the Commission and Council and is therefore able to monitor the work of these institutions. It has the power to dismiss the Commission by a two-thirds majority vote, and to reject the Council's proposals for the Community budget.

Notes

be equated with — приравнивать к

legislate — издавать законы

exercise powers — осуществлять, использовать полномочия

supervisory — наблюдательный

be directly elected - избираться напрямую

serve — служить

citizen - гражданин

composition — состав

on average — в среднем

standing committees — постоянные комитеты

political authority — политическая власть

monitor — направлять, следить за чем-л.

dismiss — распустить (комиссию)

reject — отклонять

Упражнения

*22. Соотнесите слова из левой колонки с их синонимами в правой.

1. standing a. to legislate

2. to serve b. binding

3. to make laws с to monitor

4. compulsory d. to work

5. to keep an eye on e. permanent

*23. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

1. The EC Parliament is to be equated with the Westminster model.

2. Decisions made by the EC Parliament are binding for the Council of
ministers.

3. The EC Parliament has the power to reject the Council's proposals for
the Community budget.

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the difference between the European Parliament and the
Westminster model?

2. What are the functions of the European Parliament?

3. What is the structure of the European Parliament?

4. What rights does it have?

Text 9

STATE JURISDICTION

International law has traditionally recognized the right of states to exercise jurisdiction on a number of grounds. The most common grounds for the exercise of jurisdiction are the territorial principle, the nationality principle, the protective or security principle and the principle of universality. According to this final generally accepted traditional ground of jurisdiction a state has jurisdiction to try and punish private individuals for certain offences recognized by the international community as being of universal concern. Although the exact scope of this principle is as yet undefined, offences which fall within its scope include hijacking, piracy, genocide and war crimes.

Trafficking in narcotics has not yet been denned as an international crime. Unlike hijacking, where a series of multilateral treaties allow a number of states to try individuals for that offence, drug smuggling has been the subject mainly of bilateral agreements relating to police cooperation and enforcement. At the same time there is little doubt that there does not exist sufficient state practice to declare drug smuggling an international crime in customary law.

Notes

recognize the right — признавать право

exercise jurisdiction - осуществлять юрисдикцию

grounds for — основания для

universality — универсальность

hijacking — угон самолета

piracy — пиратство

trafficking in narcotics — перевозка, доставка наркотиков

drug smuggling — контрабанда наркотиков

police cooperation — сотрудничество полиций (разных стран)

Упражнения

*25. Соотнесите слова из левой колонки с их английскими эквивалентами в правой.

1. признать право государств на... a. perpetration

2. международное мошенничество b. commonplace

3. угон самолета с. drug trafficking

4. контрабанда наркотиков d. hijacking

5. двусторонние соглашения е. to recognize the right of

6. обычный states to...

f. bilateral agreement

g. international fraud
h. drug smuggling

*26. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

1. International law has not traditionally recognized the right of estates
to exercise jurisdiction.

2. A state has jurisdiction to try and punish private individuals for certain
offenses recognized by the international community as being of
universal concern.

3. Trafficking in narcotics has already been defined as an international
crime.

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the five traditional grounds for jurisdiction?

2. What problems has international drug-trafficking posed for the law!
relating to jurisdiction?

3. What ways to cope with these problems do you see?

GLOSSARY

alleged - мнимый

applicable — применительный

arbitrary — произвольный

arbitrary detention — произвольное, незаконное содержание под

стражей

ascertain - выяснять, устанавливать authorise - давать разрешение, уполномочивать

authoritative rules and principles - авторитетные права и принцип» binding legal rules - обязательные юридические правила body of law — правовая организация body of rules — зд. свод правил breach of — нарушение bring proceedings - подать в суд

cast an uneven light on — зд. нет ясности по какому-л. вопрос? chamber - палата citizen — гражданин co-existing — сосуществующий cogency — убедительность

common foreign policy - общая внешняя политика commonality — общность community — общность, общество comply with - подчиняться чему-л.

composition — состав compulsory — обязательный constitute — составлять

constitutional processes — конституционные процедуры content of the law — содержание права contesting states — конкурирующие, спорящие государства convention — конвенция core values — основные ценности Council of Europe — Европейский Совет Council of Ministers — Совет Министров crime against humanity — преступление против человечества deem — считать что-л. необходимым derive — черпать derogation — умаление discrepancy — несоответствие dismiss — распустить (комиссию) drug smuggling — контрабанда наркотиков elect — выбирать

be directly elected — избираться напрямую emanate — происходить ensure — обеспечивать

European Community — Европейское Сообщество European Court of Justice — Европейский Суд (Суд Европейского

общества)

European Court — Европейский Суд European integration — европейская интеграция ex officio — по должности exercise jurisdiction — осуществлять юрисдикцию

exercise one's function — выполнять обязанности

exercise powers — осуществлять, использовать полномочия

extend to — распространяться на force of the argument — сила довода, аргумента govern — управлять, руководить govern — управлять, руководить grounds for — основания для headquarters — штаб-квартира heads of state — главы государств high judicial office - высокая судебная инстанция highest-ranking status — самый высокий статус hijacking — угон самолета human rights — права человека

immunity - неприкосновенность

impinge on the sovereignty of — посягать на суверенитет

International law — международное право

issue of immunity - вопрос о неприкосновенности

judicial decisions - судебные решения

lead an official mission - выполнять служебное задание, быть в

служебной командировке legal interest — юридический интерес legal opinion — юридическое решение legislate — издавать законы

lose one's office - уходить со службы, нередко в связи с окончани­ем срока полномочий majority of the votes — большинство голосов meet the terms and the spirit of the treaties - отвечать условиям и духу

договоров

member states - государства-члены (Европейского Союза) monetary union — единая денежная система monitor — направлять, следить за чем-л. notable — значительный, важный obligations — обязательства on average — в среднем piracy — пиратство

police cooperation - сотрудничество полиций (разных стран) political authority — политическая власть political fray — политическая драка provide — обусловливать recognize — признавать

recognize the right — признавать право refer to — ссылаться на что-л. reject — отклонять relevant — актуальный, важный retard — замедлять rule — постановить run against — действовать против serve — служить

sovereign states — суверенные государства standing committees — постоянные комитеты subsidiary means — вспомогательные средства substantiate — обосновать supervisory — наблюдательный tolerate acts — допускать действия

torture — пытка

trafficking in narcotics — перевозка, доставка наркотиков

uniform interpretation — единообразное толкование

unilateral action - одностороннее действие

universality — универсальность

violate — нарушать

Ключи

1. If; 2с; 3d; 4а; 5Ь; бе

2. 1. a means of achieving common aims; 2. international community;
3. the signing of the treaty; 4. to acknowledge restrictions; 5. in favour of the
territorial autonomy

4. A. 1. the sources of international law; 2. authoritative rules; 3. the
content of the law; 4. to deduce rules; 5. consistency; 6. interaction with
each other.

B. 1. applicable; 2. dispute; 3. to recognize; 4. subsidiary means

5. lc; 2e; 3b; 4f; 5a; 6d

7. le; 2d;3b;4a; 5c

8. 1. false; 2. true; 3. false

 

10. 1. European integration; 2. the terms and the spirit of the treaties;
&. rulings of the court; 4. interpretation of law; 5. vital

11. lc; 2d; 3a; 4e; 5f; 6b

 

13. 1. jurists of recognized competence; 2. candidates of high moral
character; 3. the consideration of each case; 4.the High Contracting Parties;
5.to bring a case before the court

14. le; 2a; 3d; 4b; 5c

15. 1. false; 2. false; 3. true; 4. false; 5. false

16. 1. can be fully grasped; 2. particularly relevant, in this respect; 3.
(this) in turn entails; 4. the pre-eminence of... over; 5. reinforced by; 6. on
a large scale; 7. to regard smth as fundamental

17. le; 2d; 3a; 4b; 5c; 6f

 

19. If; 2e; 3b; 4d; 5c; 6a

20. 1 - false; 2 - true; 3 - true

 

22. le; 2d; 3a; 4b; 5c

23. 1 - false; 2 - false; 3 - true

 

25. le; 2g; 3d; 4h; 5f; 6b

26. 1 - false; 2 - true; 3 - false

Unit 10

General Principles of Trade Law

Text 1