2018-01-21
506
Give the definition of basic principles of the interregional (international) level
Monitoring is a multi-level system. In chorological aspect typically isolated system (or subsystem) detailed, local, regional, national, and global levels
The lowest hierarchical level is the level of detailed monitoring implemented within small areas (plots), etc.
When a detailed monitoring system is merged into a larger network (for example, within an area, etc.), a local level monitoring system is formed. Local monitoring is intended to provide an assessment of the system changes in the wider area: the territory of the city district.
Local systems can be combined into larger ones - regional monitoring systems that cover the territories of regions within the province or region, or within several of them. Such regional monitoring systems, integrating data from observational networks that differ in approaches, parameters, tracking territories and periodicity, can adequately form complex assessments of the state of territories and give forecasts for their development.
Regional monitoring systems can be integrated within one state into a single national (or state) monitoring network, thus forming a national level) of the monitoring system. An example of such a system was the "Unified State System for Environmental Monitoring of the Russian Federation" (ESSEM) and its territorial subsystems, successfully created in the 90s of the twentieth century to adequately address the tasks of managing territories. However, after the Ministry of Ecology in 2002, USSEM was also abolished and currently there are only departmental-disparate observation networks in Russia, which does not allow to adequately solve the strategic tasks of managing the territories taking into account the ecological imperative.
Within the framework of the UN environmental program, the task is to integrate national monitoring systems into a single intergovernmental network - the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS). This is the highest level of the global environmental monitoring system. Its purpose is to monitor changes in the environment on the Earth and its resources in general, on a global scale. Global monitoring is a system for monitoring the state and forecasting possible changes in global processes and phenomena, including anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere of the Earth as a whole. While the creation of such a system in full, operating under the auspices of the United Nations, is the task of the future, since many states do not yet have their own national systems.
The global system for monitoring the environment and resources is designed to solve global environmental problems throughout the Earth, such as global warming, the problem of preserving the ozone layer, the forecast of earthquakes, conservation of forests, global desertification and soil erosion, floods, food and energy resources, An example of such a subsystem of environmental monitoring is the global observation network of Earth's seismic monitoring, which operates under the International Program for the Control of Foci earthquakes, etc..
