Explain features of the organization of monitoring at different types of economic development of territories

Monitoring (prevention, tracking any objects or phenomena). In relation to the ecology purposes - supervision and the forecast of a condition of environment, an assessment of her changes under the influence of different types of activity of the person. The obtained information is used for an exception or reduction of probability of emergence of adverse ecological situations, protection of the natural and created by the person objects, preservation of the environment, health and wellbeing of people.

Distinguish several types of monitorings.

On influence scales monitoring happens spatial and temporary. On a territorial sign allocate local, regional, impaktny, basic (background), national and global (biospheric) monitoring. By the used methods - space, aviation, land.By methods of researches - chemical, physical, biological and others. Local monitoring usually belongs to separate objects, most often subject any intensive anthropogenous loadings. It can be forest, water, mountain and other objects. Regional monitoring covers areas, considerable on the area, which, as a rule, differ from next on an environment (for example, natural zones, landscape complexes, recreational territories around the cities, etc.). Impaktny monitoring - monitoring of regional and local anthropogenous influences in especially dangerous zones and places.

National monitoring is carried out in scales of the certain country. Basic (background) monitoring - supervision over the all-biospheric phenomena without imposing on them anthropogenous influences. Global (biospheric) monitoring sets as the purpose obtaining information on the biosphere in general or about separate biospheric processes (climate change, change of chemism of the atmosphere, supervision over the ozone screen, etc.).

For global monitoring are widely used space supervision. The last are usually supplemented with land researches, for example, in biospheric reserves. Supervision from space give the chance to make idea of separate changes in the biosphere which at other methods don't come to light. Aviation supervision unlike space are, as a rule, focused on the regional or local phenomena. Are most often observed separate objects, for example, forest. Inventory of the woods is made with a certain frequency which depends on the purposes, for example, in 3-5 years at the accounting of forest resources and is more frequent at identification of the areas struck with wreckers, the fires or industrial emissions. Land monitoring is carried out for specification of the data obtained from space or aviation devices, and secondly for supervision which can't be executed by other methods: for example, definition of chemical or physical characteristics of a ground layer of air and soils, vegetation or waters. At land monitoring widely use biological methods of supervision. The last use as for direct supervision over a condition of objects, and through use naikboly types, sensitive to separate influences. Such types are called bioindicators.

As bioindicators lichens are widely used, and the method carries the name a likhenoindikation. High sensitivity of lichens to various pollution is connected with the fact that they absorb substances from the environment all over (as spongy material and with the minimum selectivity). For this reason, and also because of the slowed-down metabolism lichens, accumulating harmful substances, get poisoned and perish.

Except lichens, the sensitive indicator are the coniferous trees differing in high responsiveness on pollution (a pine, a fir-tree, a fir).