Open the myths of your science

The most noisy myth of the twentieth century - "living and dead water", which gets in the kitchen by electrolysis and which heals literally from everything! In the July issue of "Chemistry and Life" for 1985, two large articles on this problem were published. The first, Doctor of Medical Sciences Yu.A.Furmanov, was called "Let's blow on the water!". "Enameled pan, canvas bag, a plate of glass with two electrodes and an electric current rectifier... Everything that happened seemed like a dull focus: water from the tap was poured into a pan and a bag, electrodes were immersed in this water, and separated by a canvas wall, they turned on in the network, as a result of which a quiet gurgling began."
The water was heated to about 50 ° C, after which the device was switched off, and the anodic and cathodic water was poured into two vessels. Anodic water had a noticeably acid reaction (about three), cathodic - alkaline (above ten). Rinsing with anodic water immediately cured angina from one of the witnesses of the experiment. The idea was that acidic anodic water disinfects and preserves as "dead water" of Russian folk tales, and alkaline cathode heals wounds and reduces inflammation (being, accordingly, "alive").

The case at that time reached the correspondence with the Pharmaceutical Committee of the Ministry of Health of the USSR: the trial of the benefits of dead and living water was in earnest. However, instructions for use began to diverge among the people at once, no one was waiting for the results of the research. They sold these instructions even in hairdressing salons. Who knows, maybe this discredited the idea. Yes, and medical journals published the results reluctantly. But the facts were.

"Acidic water has a harmful effect on many microorganisms, hence the effect on angina, especially in the initial stage. Alkaline water contributes to the healing of wounds, relieves pain and inflammation... stimulates regeneration processes... Neither of these effects could be achieved simply by acidifying or alkalinizing the original water. " The mysterious dihydrogen monoxide again acted as the most mysterious substance on Earth.

 

22. Analyze "outstanding issues" of your science.

1) equality of P and NP classes: In the theory, the class P consists of all those decision problems that can be solved on a deterministic sequential machine in an amount of time that is polynomial in the size of the input; Of all those decision problems of a positive solutions can be verified in polynomial time given the right information, or equivalently, whose solution can be found in polynomial time on a non-deterministic machine. The biggest open question in theoretical computer science concerns the relationship between those Two classes:

Is P = NP?

Most people think that the answer is probably "no"; some people believe the question may be undecidable from the currently accepted axioms. A $ 1,000,000 prize has been offered for a correct solution.

2) In mathematics, the Hodge conjecture is a major unsolved problem in the field of algebraic geometry that relates the algebraic topology of a non-singular complex algebraic variety and the subvarieties of that variety. More specifically, the conjecture said that certain de Rham cohomology Classes are algebraic, that are are sums of Poincaré duals of the homology classes of subvarieties. It was formulated by the Scottish mathematician William Vallance Douglas Hodge as a result of a work in between 1930 and 1940 to enrich the description of de Rham cohomology To include extra structure that is present in the case of complex algebraic varieties.

3) In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers andcomplex numbers with real part 1/2. It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1859), after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.

4) Yang-Mills theory is a gauge theory based on the SU (N) group, or more generally any compact, semi-simple Lie group. Yang-Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non- And is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces (ie U (1) × SU (2)) as well as quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force (based on SU (3)). Thus it forms The basis of our understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics.

5) The Navier-Stokes harmony and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations, one of the pillars of fluid mechanics (such as with turbulence). These equations describe the motion of a fluid (that is, a Liquid or a gas) in space. Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are used in many practical applications.

6) In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture describes the set of rational solutions to idealized an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. The Conjecture was chosen as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which had offered a $ 1,000,000 prize for the first correct proof

7) In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space. As of 2016, the Poincaré conjecture is the only solvedMillennium problem.

 

23. Define the concept of ‘knowledge’. Name the three characteristics of knowledge.

Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.

Knowledge is the result of the process of cognitive activity. Usually knowledge means only that result of knowledge that has intransigent truth, can be logically or actually justified and allows empirical or practical verification. That is, speaking of knowledge, we often mean true knowledge. True knowledge is a true reflection of reality in human thinking or in general, that is, an idea, or a description, or a message about what is actually. Three characteristics of knowledge: 1Knowledge is always objective 2 Knowledge is always true 3 Knowledge is always reasonable

Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief", though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgement in human beings.

parascientific - knowledge that is incompatible with the existing epistemological standard. A wide class of parascientific (a pair from the Greek - about, at) knowledge includes teachings or reflections on phenomena whose explanation is not convincing from the standpoint of scientific criteria;pseudoscientific - deliberately exploiting speculation and prejudice. Pseudoscientific knowledge often represents science as a matter of outsiders. As symptoms of pseudoscience, low-literate pathos, principled intolerance to refuting arguments, as well as pretentiousness, are singled out. Pseudoscientific knowledge is very sensitive to the rage of the day, sensation. Its peculiarity is that it can not be united by a paradigm, it can not have systemativity, universality. Pseudoscientific knowledge coexists with scientific knowledge. It is believed that pseudoscientific knowledge reveals itself and develops through quasi-scientificquasi-scientific - they seek supporters and adherents, based on methods of violence and coercion. Quasi-scientific knowledge, as a rule, blossoms in conditions of strictly hierarchical science, where it is impossible to criticize the powers that be, where the ideological regime is rigidly manifested.

Several characteristics of knowledge have been described:

· Knowledge is contextual and it can be re-used

· Benefits of knowledge obtained only if it is applied

· The values of knowledge may change over time

· Knowledge has to be renewed or maintained

· It can be difficult to transfer, capture and distribute knowledge

24. Consider the main ideas, hypotheses and theories on the topic "Knowledge".

Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.

Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic.[1] In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief", though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition.However, several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist.

Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, communication, and reasoning;[3] while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgement in human beings.[4]

Theories of knowledge

The eventual demarcation of philosophy from science was made possible by the notion that philosophy's core was "theory of knowledge," a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation... Without this idea of a "theory of knowledge," it is hard to imagine what "philosophy" could have been in the age of modern science.

— Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature

The definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato,[5] specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick's arguments for a requirement that knowledge 'tracks the truth' and Simon Blackburn's additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions 'through a defect, flaw, or failure' have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief necessitates its truth.[6]

Knowledge is what is known; the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose. It is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education.

The development of the scientific method has made a significant contribution to how knowledge of the physical world and its phenomena is acquired.[17] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning and experimentation.[18] The scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[19] Science, and the nature of scientific knowledge have also become the subject of Philosophy.