Expand the paradigm of classical science

Paradigm of classical science:

1) Ontology – a view of the world

- Heliocentricism (Copernicus's opening);

- The Principle of matter is a substance; Fundamental laws mechanical;

- Determinism - causal relationship (Laplacian determinism);

- Evklidova space geometry.

2) Gnoseology:

The subject is contrasted with an object;

Unambiguity of the truth;

Verification of an experiment;

The Ideal of knowledge is a mechanics.

3) Methodology:

· All empirical methods (observation, comparison, measurement, experiment);

· The Mathematical analysis is a paradigm of rationality;

· Induction (Bacon), deduction (Descartes);

· Modelling.

Name and expand the main ideas and principles of non-classical science.

Nonclassical science is a concept in the Soviet and Russian school of the philosophy of science, introduced by VS Styopin, which distinguishes a special type of science from the era of the crisis of classical rationality (late XIX - 60th years of XX century). Non-classical science includes a number of the following concepts: Darwin's theory of evolution, Einstein's theory of relativity, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the Big Bang hypothesis, Rene Thom's catastrophe theory, Mandelbrot's fractal geometry.

In the late XIX - early XX century. followed by a series of discoveries that did not fit into the existing scientific picture of the world. New experimental data were obtained that led to the creation of revolutionary scientific theories by scientists such as M. Planck, E. Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, W. Pauli, E. Schroedinger, W. Heisenberg, A. Einstein, P. Dirac, AA Fridman, and others.

The transition from classical science to nonclassical science consisted in the entry of the subject of knowledge into the" body "of knowledge as its necessary component. The understanding of the subject of science has changed: it has now become not reality "in its pure form", but some of its cut, given through the prism of the accepted theoretical and operational means and methods of its mastering by the subject.

If in classical science the picture of the world should be a picture of the object studied in itself, then the non-classical scientific method of description necessarily includes, in addition to the objects under study, instruments used for their study, as well as the act of measurement itself. In accordance with this approach, the universe is viewed as a network of interrelated events, emphasizing the active role and involvement of the subject of cognition in the very process of obtaining knowledge. Any property of this or that section of this network does not have an absolute character, but depends on the properties of the remaining sections of the network.

The science of this period collided with the world of complex self-regulating systems and began to master it. Paintings of the world of various sciences at this time are still separated from each other, but they all together form a general scientific picture of the world, which was not present as a single whole in classical science. This picture ceases to be considered an eternal and unchanging truth and is realized as a consistently developed and refined relatively true knowledge of the world.