Adverbial Clauses of Place

Adverbial clauses of place show the place or direction of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and whenever (где бы ни, куда бы ни)

I am quite comfortable where I am (Wilde)

Note: One should not confuse the conjunction where introducing adverbial clauses of place with the adverb where introducing predicative clauses, object clauses, and attributive relative clauses.

Derona placed himself where he could see her... – (adv. clause of place)

Adverbial Clauses of Cause

An adverbial clause of cause (reason) shows the cause or motivation of the action expressed in the principal clause. Adverbial clauses of cause are introduced by the conjunctions as, because, since, for fear (that); in official style they may also be introduced by the conjunctions on the ground that, for the reason and some others.

As he had a liking for the spot,

he seldom let a week pass without paying it a visit. (Dickens)

Subordinate clauses of cause introduced by the conjunction because denote a general reason of the action expressed in the principal clause; those introduced by since denote a reason or grounds for the action of the principal clause, clauses with as denote a well-known or evident reason, clauses with for denote grounds, explanation or some additional idea providing for the action expressed in the principal clause to take place.

I think he must have had some talent, for I have even now a very vivid recollection of the portrait he painted of Rosie Driffield.

Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

Adverbial clauses of purpose state the purpose of the action expressed in the principal clause. They are introduced by the conjunctions that, in order that, so that, lest (чтобы не) and some others.