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1. A NPP is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors generating nuclear power.
2. Nuclear power plants are classified according to the type of reactor used.
3. Nuclear fusion offers the possibility of the release of very large amounts of energy with a minimal production of radioactive waste and improved safety.
4. There remain some obstacles to the generation of commercial electric power using nuclear fusion.
5. The quantity of waste produced is small.
6. The numerous safety systems required significantly increase running costs.
7. Disposal of spent fuel and other nuclear waste is an advantage of nuclear power.
VIII. Переведите следующие предложения со словами- заместителями на русский язык. Помните, что слово- заместитель that (those) заменяет ранее стоящее существительное и переводится тем существительным, которое оно замещает, или опускается:
The atomic weight of oxygen is greater than that of carbon. –
Атомный вес водорода больше (атомного веса) углерода.
Слово-заместитель ранее стоящего существительного this (these) переводится личным местоимением в именительном или косвенном падеже:
This phenomenon is also of great interest; this involves the increase of… - это явление также представляет большой интерес; с ним
связано увеличение…
1. Some installations have several independent units, and these may use different classes of reactors.
2. Nuclear waste is small in quantity compared to that generated by competing technologies.
3. The electron temperature is much greater than that of the gas as a whole.
4. Suppose that the total volume of the gas is k times that of the molecule.
5. There are two methods of measuring the conductivity of semiconductors. The first of these, which is used more commonly, has a number of advantages.
6. Two other very suitable temperatures are always generally available, those of melting ice and of boiling water.
IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая
Внимание на перевод страдательного залога. Укажите время
Глаголов в страдательном залоге.
1. Electricity was generated to the first time by a nuclear reactor on
December 20, 1951.
2. … no prototype had been proposed or built to generate electric
power by this means, although some laboratory demonstrations
had been conducted.
3. Because most fast reactors have historically been used for
plutonium production, they are associated with nuclear
proliferation concerns.
4. More than twenty prototype fast reactors have been built all over
the world.
5. Almost all the advantages and disadvantages are disputed in
some degree by the advocates for and against nuclear power.
X. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение модальных глаголов.
1. Boiling water reactors can come down to half power at night.
2. Some of the plant-types below in the future may have passively safe features. 3. Fission power reactors may be further divided into three classes.
4. Fast reactors have the advantages that their fuel cycle can use all of the uranium in natural form.
5. Future designs may be small and modular.
6. Consequences of an accident might be disastrous.
7. The environment cannot be adequately protected from the risk of future leakages from long-term storage.
XI. Определите синтаксическую функцию причастия claiming в предпоследнем и последнем предложениях. Как будет отличаться его перевод в различных функциях?
XII. Выполните полный письменный перевод всего текста на русский язык.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors generating nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants are base load stations, which work best when the power output is constant (although boiling water reactors can come down to half power at night). Their units range in power from about 40 MWe to almost 2000 MWe, typical of new units under construction in 2005 being in the range 600-1200 MWe.
As of 2005 there are 441 nuclear power reactors in operation around the world, which produce about one-sixth of the world’s electric power.
History
Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20, 1951 at the EBR-1 experimental station. On June 27, 1954, the world’s first nuclear power plant that generated electricity for the commercial use was officially connected to the Soviet power grid at Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. The Shippingport Reactor (Pennsylvania) was the first commercial nuclear generator to become operational in the United States – the construction cost was $72.5 million.
Nuclear power plants are classified according to the type of reactor used. However some installations have several independent units, and these may use different classes of reactor. In addition, some of the plant-types below in the future may have passively safe features.
Fission power reactors generate heat by nuclear fission of fissile isotopes of uranium and plutonium.
They may be further divided into three classes:
● Thermal reactors use a neutron moderator to slow or moderate the rate of production of fast neutrons by fission, to increase the probability that they will produce another fission and thus sustain the chain reaction.
● Fast reactors sustain the chain reaction without needing a neutron moderator.
● Subcritical reactors use an outside source of neutrons rather than a chain reaction to produce fission. As of 2004 this was a theoretical concept, and no prototype had been proposed or built to generate electric power by this means, although some laboratory demonstrations and several feasibility studies had been conducted.
Thermal reactors are divided into:
Light water reactors (LWR)
Graphite-moderated reactors
Heavy water-moderated reactors
Although some of the earliest nuclear power reactors were fast reactors, they have not as a class achieved the success of thermal reactors.
Fast reactors have the advantages that their fuel cycle can use all of the uranium in natural uranium, and also transmute the longer- lived radioisotopes in their waste to faster-decaying materials. For these reasons they are inherently more sustainable as an energy source than thermal reactors. Because most fast reactors have historically been used for plutonium production, they are associated with nuclear proliferation concerns.
More than twenty prototype fast reactors have been built in the USA, UK, Russia, France, Germany, Japan and India, and as of 2004 one was under construction in China.
Nuclear fusion offers the possibility of the release of very large amounts of energy with a minimal production of radioactive waste and improved safety. However, there remain considerable scientific,
technical and economic obstacles to the generation of commercial
electric power using nuclear fusion. It is therefore an active area of
research.
Advantages of NPP’s are:
● Essentially no greenhouse gas emissions
● Do not produce air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, mercury, nitrogen oxides or particulates
● The quantity of waste produced is small
● Small number of accidents
● Low fuel costs
● Large fuel reserves
● Ease of transport and stockpiling of fuel
● Future designs may be small and modular
Disadvantages are:
● Nuclear waste produced is dangerous for thousands of years
● Consequences of an accident might be disastrous
● Risk of nuclear proliferation associated with some designs
● High capital costs
● In the past long construction periods, imposing large finance costs
and delaying return on investment
● High maintenance costs
● High cost of decommissioning plants
● Current designs are all large-scale
Nuclear power is highly controversial, enough so that the building of new nuclear power stations has ceased in Europe (except Finland). Almost all the advantages and disadvantages are disputed in some degree by the advocates for and against nuclear power.
The cost benefits of nuclear power are also in dispute. It is generally agreed that the capital costs of nuclear power are high and the cost of the necessary fuel is low compared to other fuel sources. Proponents claim that nuclear power has low running costs, opponents claim that the numerous safety systems required significantly increase running costs.
Disposal of spent fuel and other nuclear waste is claimed by some as an advantage of nuclear power, claiming that the waste is small in quantity compared to that generated by competing technologies, and the cost of disposal small compared to the value of the power produced. Others list it as a disadvantage, claiming that the environment cannot be adequately protected from the risk of future leakages from long-term storage.
