Pronounce carefully, dividing each word into its syllables, and placing the accent on the proper syllable

Lesson 1.

RULES OF READING

The Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, from which comes the English one, was borrowed from Greek colonies in southern Italy as early as 700 B.C. It had twenty-three letters (it had no j, but from the tenth century the vowel sound was expressed by i, and the consonant sound by j).

X, y, and z were not in Cicero's time included in the alphabet; they were used in the Latin spelling of Greek words.

Aa	a	[a]	Mm	em	[m]
Bb	be	[b]   [b	Nn	en	[n]
Cc	tse	[ts/k]	Oo	0	[o]
Dd	de	[d]	Pp	pe	[p]
Ее	e	[e]	Qq	ku	[k]
Ff	ef	[f]	Rr	er	[r]
Gg	ge	[g]	Ss	es	[s/z]
Hh	ha	[h]	Tt	te	[t]
Ii	i	[i]	Uu	u	[u/v]
Jj	jota	[j]	Vv	ve	[v]
Kk	ka	[k]	Xx	iks	[ks/gz]
LI	el	[l]	Yy	ypsilonn	[i]
			Zz	zeta	[z]

 

Vowels

The Latin vowels are either long or short: а а; e e, o o; i i; u u;

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a union of two short vowel sounds to form one syllable; the two vowels are pronounced in quick succession by one effort. The Latin diphthong is always long.

au as [ au ] ae as [ ӕ ]

eu as [ eu ] oe as [ о ]

ei as [ ei ]

ui as [ ui ] BUT: aer (a-er), poeta (po-e-ta)

 

Division into Syllables

A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs, as pecunia (pe-cu-ni-a), causa (cau-sa), navigat (na-vi-gat). Words are divided into syllables as follows:

a) A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second:
Italia (I-ta-li-a), auxiliun (au-xi-li-um).

b) If two or more consonants occur together between vowels, the
division is usually before the last consonant: silva (sil-va), sanctus (sanc-tus), Victoria (vic-to-ri-a).

c) A consonant, if followed by I or r, goes with the I or r: publicus (pu-bli-cus), agricola

(a-gri-co-Ia), demonstro (de-mons-tro).

 

3. Pronounce carefully, dividing each word into its syllables, and placing the accent on the proper syllable.

Note: In Latin the accent never falls on the final syllable. So, in words of two syllables the accent is regularly upon the first.

a) arm a	b) aut	c) laudo	d) aedes	e) aes	f) aro
ann us	Paulus	avis	aera	aestas	aetas
arx	auris	puer	saepe	haedus	praedoo
amor	aurum	nauta	aedon	lupus	laetus
anser	vulpes	agnus	aer	aeger	homo
error	ego	feles	ira	ignis	imber
mensis	berbex	leo	simplex	deus	ovum
lectus	dexter	semper	poena	ursus	foedus
pedes	hiems	memor	u n u s	malum	unda
neuter	septem	ventus	urbs	umbra	uva

Note: Cc - /ts/ —before e, i, y, ae, oe centum, civis

/k/ - before the other vowels and diphthongs cura, causa

g) centum	certe h)	h)civis	octo
cocus	caecus	cerva	auctor
Caesar	caelum	canis	decem
cura	color	Graecus	cycnus
caput	causa	caepa	Baca

 

et(conj.) -

and et...

et...et- both

-and…and

aut(conj.)- or

i) feles et canis, septem et decem, lupus et agnus, leo et ursus, malum aut uva, unus aut centum.

The pronunciation rules

qu /kv/ - quintus, quinque, aqua

gu /gv/ - sanguis, lingua

su /sv/ - suavis, suadeo but suus (искл.)

ph /f/ - philosophus, philologia

rh /r/ - rhetorica, rhetor, rhinocerus

th /t/ - theatrum, panthera

ch /h/ - pulcher, schola

ti /tsi/ before vowels - ratio, initium

/ti/ after x, t, s and before consonants - bestia, mixtio

4. Give the Latin word from which each of the following is derived:

memory, umbrella, pedestrian, ire, dexter, octopus, octuple, septuple, унисон, униформа, авиация, педикюр, фелинология.

 

Matching. How do we call those animals in Latin? (Pick up the Latin words from below.)

a wolf -......., a cat -......., a deer -......, a dog -......., a fox -.......,

a swan -......, a ram -......., a lion -......., a lamb -....., a goose -......, a

goat -......., a bird -......, a bear -.......

Vulpes, cerva, lupus, berbex, feles, haedus, avis, leo, anser, cycnus, canis, ursus, agnus

 

 

Lesson 2.

Accent

In the words of more than two syllables the accent is upon the second from the last, if it is long:

for-tu-na, Ro -ma-nus;

if it is short, accent the third syllable from the last:

po-pu -lus, fe -mi -na.

 

The quantity of a syllable is determined as follows:

a) A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong: cura (сu-ra), Caesar (Cae -sar).

b) A syllable is long when the vowel is followed by a double consonant or x: aspexi

c) A syllable is long when the vowel is followed by two or more consonants when one or more of these consonants closes the syllable: fenestra (fe-nes-tra), verba (ver-ba).

d) A vowel is usually short before another vowel or h: copia (co-pi-a), victoria (vie -to -ri -a).

 

Pronounce carefully, dividing each word into its syllables, and placing the accent on the proper syllable

a) animal	absurdus	Aprilis	b) ignoro	imago immortalis
appetitus	Augustus	aenigma	lacerta	insula Italia
aeternus	ambulare	autumnus	Europa	offero October
epigramma	schola	experientia	unicus	urbanus utilis
excuso	Latium	spatium	filia	iracundia Graecia
c) quinque	lingua	placeo	d) philosophus Rhenus mixtio
consuetudo	quis	quid	rhetor	pulchritudo Athenae
suavis	suadeo	ancora	thesaurus	phoenix chorus
Sicilia	pinguis	populus	theatrum	bestia rhytmus rhythmus
aquila	propinquus	accuso	elephantus	labirinthus minister