2018-03-09
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To really understand Britain and the British, you have to live with them for a while.
If you're going to stay with a British family it is a good idea to take a present. Get something that is typical of your country, like a record of traditional music, or handicrafted objects.
If you visit someone for just an evening, it's a good idea to take some flowers. Present them as soon as you arrive, and don't take off the wrapping paper3 before you give them.
If someone offers you a cup of coffee they'll usually ask you if you want it black (without milk) or white (with milk). They will also ask you whether you want sugar or not. But if they offer you tea, it will normally come with milk. If you don't want milk, you should say so.
In Britain, you will probably get used to drinking lots of tea. You can practise how to make good tea by following the instructions on the packet.
Вариант 3
TRANSLATE FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN:
1. Economic theory indicates that, under monopoly, output will be lower and price will be higher than would be the case under perfect competition.
2. When did you reach the break-even point?
3. They appraise their employees once a year.
4. At present we are recruiting a new sales director.
5. She was reading a newspaper when the phone rang.
6. The large-scale adoption of computer technology has had a dramatic effect on the work of the Stock Exchange.
7. It had been a tough winter. Three senior managers had left the company when John Smith took over.
8. The drift of the population and employment to the suburbs has been going on for a long time.
9. It is assumed that he will announce his candidacy soon.
10. These products have been designed by a special team.
11. Units of production are officially referred to as establishments.
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12. The ordinary shareholder is entitled to the residue of profits after all other claims have been met.
13. Having explored the possible relationship between capacity and expected output, we now examine the behaviour of costs as actual output changes.
14. Having learnt the first law of supply and demand (i.e. more is demanded at lower prices), many students then automatically associate an increase in price with a fall in the quantity demanded and vice versa.
15. All the problems having been solved, they went home.
16. Member nations are required to subscribe to the capital stock of the World Bank, each being given a quota which is related to the member's national income and position in the world trade.
17. The house restored by the Johnsons is quite unusual.
18. We knew nothing about his being sent to London.
19. I am glad to inform you that you have been successful.
20. We would like to extend our overdraft facilities.
21. Wage increases have helped (to) push up prices.
22. Consumers are assumed to maximize the satisfaction derived from the goods and services that they buy.
23. Consumers are assumed to be aware of all the goods and services they could buy.
24. A small firm is likely to be specializing in one product.
25. We interviewed both of the candidates on Monday.
The Englishman's Garden
The English like growing flowers. It's a useful occupation because it doesn't harm anyone1. In winter the most romantic thing for some people is to pick up a seed catalogues and look at the brightly coloured pictures of summer flowers. Even people with a tiny patch of ground in towns like growing plants and people who have never seriously tried to speak any foreign language carefully learn the Latin names of the flowers they plant , so that they can tell their friends.
If you want to please an English person, be very polite about his garden. He will probably tell you about his garden. So you listen and say: "How interesting! How clever of you!"
The British are keen gardeners. Every small, suburban house has a lovingly kept lawn and garden. In city parks people sit on the grass to eat their lunch on nice summer days.
The English gardens are internationally famous. Some of them are very beautiful, especially the big ones that are open to the public.
Вариант 4
TRANSLATE FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN:
1. Some economists emphasize the role of profit as a necessary incentive for innovation.
2. The classical economists regarded money as no more than a medium of exchange.
3. An increase in price usually means that production will become more profitable.
4. What we are now witnessing in many capitalist countries is a fundamental change in the traditional attitudes towards private enterprise.
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5. While we were discussing cost-cutting measures, the GM was presenting the poor results.
6. The distribution of industry has now become a major feature of government economic policy.
7. By the 1930s the birth rate in Britain had fallen to less than one half the rate experienced during the nineteenth century.
8. He will have walked to school before you finish your breakfast.
9. The precious metals were first used as money on the basis of weight.
10. This question was raised at the last meeting and no conclusion was reached then.
11. The price of a product is determined by the interaction of demand and supply.
12. A country wishing to limit its population may discourage immigration and encourage emigration.
13. If land is defined as the total surface area of the planet, including oceans, lakes and rivers, than its total quantity is fixed.
14. Other things being equal, an increase in wage rates will increase the cost of labour relative to the costs of the other factors.
15. In order to simplify the analysis we can consider two firms, one being representative of high-cost producers and the other of low-cost producers.
16. The quantity of labour derived from a given stock of population depends upon several factors.
17. Discounting is the process of buying a security for less than its face value.
18. The purpose of each business process is to offer each customer the right product or service.
19. Man has for a long time known that complicated things are easier to understand if they are visualized in some way, not just described in books.
20. To obtain a Stock Exchange listing, a company must have at least 25 per cent of its shares held by public.
21. The new manager is said to work 12 hours a day.
22. Three people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.
23. Complementarity is said to exist when an increase in the quantity of one product sold leads to an increase in the demand of another product.
24. Firms are assumed to maximize their short-run profits.
25. Both of the candidates certainly have impressive
track records.
Merry Christmas!
Christmas Day, December 25th, is probably the most exciting day of the year for most English children. They know that they will get presents, just as they do on their birthdays, but on Christmas Day most of them will also see what their brothers and sisters have received. They also have the pleasure of giving presents, which is often as satisfying as receiving them.
Traditionally, English children hang stockings at the end of the bed on Christmas Eve. In the morning they check whether the stocking has been filled with small toys, fruit and sweets. Larger toys will be nearby.
The morning will be spent playing with the new toys, then comes lunch, often with a turkeys or goose as the main dish. Afterwards there is Christmas pudding to be eaten. Usually a coin or two will have been hidden inside it, and part of the fun is to see who finds it or them. No doubt English hospitals receive urgent telephone calls every year from parents whose children noticed the coins only as they were swallowing them.
Вариант 5
TRANSLATE FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN:
1. These products usually sell for about five years.
2. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 followed a long dispute about the control of money supply.
3. In a situation of full employment, the supply of most goods and services will be inelastic.
4. She is working in Rome at the moment.
5. He was working for ABC when the merger took place.
6. Recent years have seen substantial changes in the occupational distribution of the labour force.
7. When the company joined the Yew York stock market, it had already been on the London market for 5 years.
8. He will have left by the time we get there.
9. The answer was known to all of us.
10. An industry which is being increasingly mechanized may be employing less labour but increasing its output.
11. Each individual firm may obtain its components and other requirements at relatively low cost because they are being mass produced for the industry.
12. Loan capital is more appropriate to firms operating in stable markets.
13. Industries producing steel, paper and chemicals require very large quantities of water and tend to be found near rivers.
14. The principle of action being rather simple, the new device was widely used for different purposes.
15. It being too late, they decided to stop working.
16. Taxes placed on goods and services are known as indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes which are placed on income and wealth.
17. We discussed opening a new business.
18. Efforts to increase the productive capacity of the poorer nations will only be effective if these nations are able to increase their exports.
19. At the last moment they decided not to continue with the negotiations.
20. To encourage our employers to develop their skills is one of the prime concerns of management.
21. The train was supposed to arrive at 7 o'clock but it was half an hour late.
22. The building is reported to have been damaged by fire.
23. Goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive demand.
24. To enter this market requires a lot of hard work.
25. Neither of your proposals is of interest to us.
Halloween Holiday
On the 31st October the British celebrate Halloween. This day comes before the 1st November — the religious feast of All Saints. Halloween is particularly a children's festival and is connected with the telling of ghosts’ stories, making masks, dressing up in some sort of disguise and playing tricks. The fairytales figure of the witch dressed in a black cloak, wearing a tall pointed hat and carrying a broomstick is a favorite disguise. The death penalty for witchcrafts was abolished in Britain in 1736 but the practice of witchcraft remained officially illegal in Britain until 1951.
Вариант 6
TRANSLATE FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN:
1. Changes in the rate of interest on government securities will often affect share prices.
2. Last year the results were not very pleasing.
3. The large industrialized countries account for a large proportion of international trade. What are you doing this evening?
4. He was working for ABC when the merger took place.
5. In many countries economic development has led to periods of rapid population growth.
6. Once the MD had formulated a new direction for the company, he wasted no time in putting it into effect.
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7. The demand for bread has been declining in Western Europe for several years.
8. If the general price level has been changing during the period under consideration, the figures recorded for the different years will have to be adjusted to take account of the price changes.
9. She was given some bad advice about selecting courses.
10. Protective clothing must be worn at all times.
11. When the various statutory documents have been submitted to the register and have been duly accepted by him, he will issue a Certificate of the corporation which bestows upon the company a separate legal identity.
12. In advanced capitalist societies, advertising is a powerful instrument affecting demand in many markets.
13. Having examined the relationships between outputs and costs, we now show how the behaviour of cost may be reflected in the supply curve.
14. The installation was atomized last year, its capacity rising by 20 per cent.
15. The goods having been loaded, the dockworkers left the port.
16. Data transmitted during flight are usually provided to the experimenter on magnetic tape.
17. His taking part in the development of the new system was a great help to us.
18. We have decided not to advertise this position, but to recruit internally.
19. It is impossible for us to accept these terms.
20. The sales director claimed to have found three new customers.
21. The capitalist system is said to be based upon the principle of competition.
22. Firms are assumed to know what quantity of each product they would sell.
23. The total value of international movements of capital is thought to be at least ten times the value of world trade in goods and services.
24. The larger firm is likely to have a diversified market structure.
25. Thanks for the call. Either time suits me fine.
The Monarchy
Britain is a parliamentary democracy, in which the country is governed by elected representatives of people. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. The British people look to the Queen as head of the nation and the living symbol of its unity. She is the head of the system of justice and of the armed forces. The Queen does not take part in politics but the country is governed in her name. Every letter sent out by a government department is marked "On Her Majesty's Service". The Queen appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. In reality, everything is done on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.
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