Global waste to energy (WTE)

UNIT I

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly: humidity, maintenance, thermodynamics, fluid, heat transfer, efficiency, pressure, modernisation, function, thermal, require, specialty, mechanics, architecture.

Exercise II. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:

Ventilation, conditioning, thermodynamics, modernisation, infiltration, career, heating, invention, discovery, installation, operation, equipment, to commission.

HVAC

    HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "H-VAK") is an acronym that stands for “ heating, ventilation and air conditioning”. HVAC is sometimes called "climate control" and is particularly important in the design of medium and large industrial and office buildings, where humidity and temperature are closely regulated while maintaining safe and healthy conditions within them.

    HVAC is based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, and on the inventions and discoveries made by Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others. The invention of the components of HVAC systems goes hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernisation, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly introduced by companies and inventors all over the world.

    The three functions of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning are closely interrelated. They provide thermal comfort, acceptable indoor air quality, and reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. In modern buildings all these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally "size" and select HVAC systems and equipment. For larger buildings, where required by law, mechanical, architectural, or building services engineers analyse, design, and specify the HVAC systems, and mechanical contractors build and commission them. In all buildings, building permits for the installations are the norm.

    The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with career opportunities including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research.

Notes to the text: acronym - аббревиатура; by law – по закону; go hand-in-hand – вместе; reasonable – приемлемый, хороший; career opportunity – возможности карьерного роста; contractor - подрядчик

Exercise I. Translate the following attributive groups into Russian:

Climate control, industrial and office buildings, thermodynamics principles, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, system control, acceptable air quality, installation and maintenance costs, air infiltration, pressure relationships, building services engineers.

Exercise II. Translate into Russian paying attention to the predicates:

    1. HVAC is a necessary element of modern life. 2. Small buildings will need selected equipment. 3. HVAC is sometimes called climate control. 4. Warm air was circulated through pipes. 5. Ventilation could be provided by means of fans. 6. Reliable modern materials don’t require maintenance. 7. Heating equipment needs constant control. 8. Refrigeration has permitted the addition of fresh salads to modern diet all year round.

Exercise III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word “both”:

Model: both - оба; both … and – как … так и …

    1. Both modifications of the heating system were presented. 2. It was decided to send both models to the exhibition.3. Both European and Japanese makes of air-conditioners are in great demand. 4. The HVAC industry provides career opportunities both in operation and maintenance.

Exercise IV. Find equivalents to the Russian words:

1. noiseless a) самый шумный b) бесшумный c) шумный; 2. inefficient a) эффективный b) неэффективный c) эффективность 3. lowest a) самый низкий b) внизу c) ниже 4. original a) первоначально b) начинать c) первоначальный 5. careful а) неосторожный b) осторожность c) осторожный 5. higher a) самый высокий б) выше в) высота 7. inventor а) изобретать b) изобретение c) изобретатель

Exercise V. Find the English equivalents for:

1. такой, как 2. и т.д. 3. например 4. что касается 5. в зависимости от

a) depending on b) such as c) e.g. d) as to e)etc.

Exercise VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the emphatic construction:

1. It was due to home refrigerators that modern diet has changed. 2. It is with the development of air-conditioning that our flats have better ventilation. 3. It was J. Watt who first patented the steam engine. 4. It is since 1950s that solar heating has been used in Israel.

Exercise VII. Tasks to the text:

1)Why is HVAC sometimes called “climate control”? 2) Prove that HVAC is especially important in industrial and office buildings. 3) Name the main functions of HVAC. 4) Who is responsible for the design and installation of HVAC systems in small and in larger buildings? 5) What are the integral parts of HVAC industry?

Exercise VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary.

GLOBAL WASTE TO ENERGY (WTE)

During the 2001-2007 period the WTE (waste – отходы) capacity increased by 4 mln. tons per year. Japan and China built several plants based on direct smelting (плавка) or on fluid bed combustion (сжигание в псевдосжиженном слое) of solid waste. In Chinathere are about 50 WTE plants. Japan, with its 40 million tons of waste, leads in thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in the world. In Patras, Greece, a Greek company just finished testing a system that shows potential. It generates 25 kw. of electricity and 25 kw. of heat from waste water. In India its first energy bio-science centre was developed to reduce the country’s green house gases and its dependency on fossil fuel. Biofuel Energy Corporation of Denver opened two new biofuel plants in the USA in July 2008. These plants produce ethanol by means of distillation, and it is used in motor vehicles. Both plants are working at over 90% capacity. WTE technology includes fermentation, which can take biomass and create ethanol, using waste cellulose or organic material. In the fermentation process, the sugar in the waste is changed to CO ² and alcohol, the same process that is used to make wine.

Exercise IX.  1) Why is the text called “Global waste to energy”? 2) Make a summary of the text using the following phrases:

1. This text deals with…2. The author pays attention to … 3. I should like to mention that.. 4. It is interesting to note … 5. This text is interesting because.…

 

UNIT II

Exercise I. Make sure you pronounce the following words correctly: