2018-02-14
442
| насекомое абразивный расщепляться износ заражать антисептик (предохраняющее средство) |
1. Apply a wood ___ that can be painted over or varnished afterwards.
2. Full of fruit with no artificial ___ or colorings, they taste just like home-made jam.
3. The juice contains no artificial ___.
4. If insects, rats etc ___ a place, there are a lot of them and they usually cause damage.
5. Dalton said that the machine showed signs of heavy ___ and had not been well-maintained.
6. Excessive tyre ___ may be caused by faulty brakes.
7. Modern alloys are resistant to ___ and distortion.
8. The branch ___ under their weight.
9. One of the boxes has ___ open.
10. Rub the table down with a fine ___ paper before painting it.
11. Don’t forget to bring ___ repellant (=a chemical to keep insects away).
12. Birds become quieter in the afternoon, while butterflies and other ___ are more active, feeding on the opened flowers.
PART 3
Ex.1. Copy the following words and phrases and memorize their meanings.
due to - вследствие; в результате; из-за
scarce - недостаточный, скудный
shortage - нехватка, недостаток; дефицит
to induce - побуждать, склонять, убеждать
to pose a problem - стать (причиной) проблемы
to seek - искать
Ex.2. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. She has been absent from work due to illness.
2. He had to withdraw due to a knee injury.
3. Water is always scarce in these parts.
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4. Food was scarce and expensive.
5. Details of the accident are scarce.
6. There’s no shortage of ideas when it comes to improving the education of children.
7. A world energy shortage is far more dangerous and could even lead to wars.
8. Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.
9. Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.
10. This could pose a problem to jobs in the coal industry.
11. His ill health poses serious problems for the future.
12. They came here to seek shelter from biting winter winds.
13. Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes.
Ex. 3. The prefix re- means ‘again. Translate the italicized verbs using their dictionary definitions.
Ø to re-route - to send vehicles, planes, telephone calls etc to a different place from the one where they were originally going (to redirect);
Ø to reengineer - to improve the design of a product;
Ø to refresh - to make someone remember something;
Ø to rewrite - to change something that has been written, especially in order to improve it, or because new information is available;
Ø to recycle - to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again.
Ex. 4. Practice your grammar paying attention to the verb “follow” in Passive.
1. In English, the letter Q is always followed by U.
2. China’s first nuclear test in October 1964 was closely followed by a second in May 1965.
3. Did you make sure you weren't followed on the way over here?
4. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises.
5. She complained to the police officer that she was being followed by two strangers.
6. Along with the increased possibilities of a recession, the energy crisis was immediately followed by a new inflationary leap.
7. I think we’re being followed.
Ex. 5. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.
CONCRETE SLEEPERS
I. Interest in concrete railroad ties was revived due to material shortages after World War II.
II. Concrete ties have become more common mainly due to greater economy and better support of the rails under high speed and heavy traffic than wooden ties. In early railway history, wood was the only material used for making ties in Europe. Even in those days, occasional shortages and increasing cost of wood posed problems. This induced engineers to seek alternatives to wooden ties. As concrete technology developed in the 19th century, concrete established its place as a versatile (=universal) building material and could be adapted to meet the requirements of railway industry.
III. In 1877, M. Monnier, a French gardener, suggested that concrete could be used for making ties for railway track. Monnier designed a tie and obtained a patent for it, but it was not successful. Designs were further developed and the railways of Austria and Italy used the first concrete ties around the turn of the 20th century. This was closely followed by other European railways.
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IV. Major progress could not be achieved until World War II, when the timbers used for ties were extremely scarce due to material shortages. Due to research carried out on French and other European railways, the modern concrete tie was developed. Heavier rail sections and long welded rails were also being produced, requiring higher-quality ties. These conditions stimulated the development of concrete ties in France, Germany and Britain, where the technology was perfected.
Ex. 6. Select nouns (on the right) which collocate with the verbs (on the left). Translate the word combinations into Russian.
Ø to pose research
Ø to seek the technology
Ø to develop progress
Ø to establish a patent
Ø to meet requirements,
Ø to obtain (its) place
Ø to achieve technologies
Ø to carry out problems
Ø to perfect alternatives
Ex.7. Using the paragraph reference, search the text for the words which are similar to:
· sleeper, thanks to, timber, to look for, universal, construction, needs, transport (Paragraph II);
· to propose, to produce, railroad, to get, unsuccessful (Paragraph III);
· important, deficit, to conduct, jointless tracks, to induce, to improve (Paragraph IV).
PART 4
Ex. 1. Copy and memorize the following terms.
| Glossary |
| economic efficiency - рентабельность heavy-haul line - грузонапряженная линия load capacity - провозная способность maintenance costs - эксплуатационные расходы service life - срок службы, ресурс switch, turnout - стрелка; стрелочный перевод to perform - иметь (хорошие) эксплуатационные качества, функционировать track condition(s) – состояние железнодорожного полотна track load - нагрузка на путь traffic load(s) - транспортная нагрузка |
Ex.2. Copy and memorize the following wordsand phrases.
ü adverse – неблагоприятный
ü despite - несмотря на, вопреки чему-л.
ü environment – окружающая среда, экология
ü environmental – экологический
ü long-term – долгосрочный
ü obsolete – устаревший
ü to limit – ограничивать
ü to prove (oneself) – оказываться; подтверждаться на практике
ü to suffer from smth – страдать от чего-л.
