2018-02-14
705
The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional counterpart of the arch. In its true circular form, a vertical arch is rotated around a vertical axis and sweeps out, at every level, a continuous circular horizontal ring. Loads can be transmitted both along the meridian lines of the vertical arches and around the horizontal rings.
The simple dome form, set directly on the ground, was the first completely manmade spatial enclosure. Simple domed huts, constructed from a wide variety of materials, can still be found throughout the world.
The dome, constructed with horizontally bedded rings and sharply pointed profile, had already achieved monumental proportions by about the 14th century BC in the great tombs at Mycenae. But these tombs were not completely freestanding. They depended partly for their stability on the earth piled against them outside.
The full development of the potential of the truly freestanding dome owed much to Roman concrete. Roman builders constructed over the Pantheon in the early 2nd century a dome that has twice since been equaled but never really surpassed.
The later Western development was initiated by an achievement that, in the circumstances of the time, probably exceeded that of Hadrian's architect of the Pantheon dome. This was Brunelleschi's construction of the dome of Florence Cathedral in the early 15th century. A major difficulty here was the octagonal plan form which Brunelleschi was constraine d to follow throughout the height of the dome itself. His central idea was to construct it, nevertheless, as if it were a circular dome of the same internal diameter as the diagonals of the octagon — a diameter that slightly exceeded that of the Pantheon dome. In this way, and by means of numerous related devices, he succeeded in completing it without any centering, as the first Renaissance double dome.
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AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES
Complete the following sentences.
- The dome may be regarded as the three – dimensional counter part of …(the column / the arch /the roof).
- The simple dome form, set directly on the ground, was the first completely manmade spatial…(tomb / palace / enclose).
- The dome, constructed with horizontally bedded rings and sharply pointed profile, was used in … at Mycenae. (the temples / the great tombs / the palaces).
- Romans builders constructed over … a dome that has never been really surpassed. (the Parthenon /the Colosseum /the Pantheon).
- The dome of … is considered to be the first Renaissance double dome. (Santa Croce /Siena Cathedral /Florence Cathedral).
2. Choose the right synonym.
1. The dome may be regarded as the three – dimensional counter part of the arch. (received /considered/chosen).
2. Simple domed huts can still be found throughout the world. (towers /small cabins /skyscrapers).
3. The full development of the potential of the truly freestanding dome owed much to Roman concrete. (was indebted / showed / meant).
4. He achieved it by means of numerous related devices. (details /contrivances /sciences).
5. The diameter of the dome of Florence Cathedral slightly exceeded that of the Pantheon one. (rose /excelled /resembled).
Suggest the Russian equivalents.
1. the three – dimensional counter part of the arch
2. at every level
1. the first completely manmade spatial enclosure
2. a wide variety of materials
3. throughout the world
4. bedded rings
5. not completely freestanding
6. in the circumstances of the time
7. was constrained to follow
8. nevertheless
9. slightly exceeded
10. without any centering
GENERAL EXERCISES
1. Put the words according the ABC.
Block, construction, structure, plywood, marble, dome, arch, wire, mason, roof, excavation, vent, wave, yard, rust, plate.
2. Give the initial form of the following words.
Were,built, consisted, best, could, known, given, worse, included, chosen, simplest.
3. Transcribe the words using a dictionary. Pronounce them correctly.
Construction, structure, architecture, electricity, reinforcement, façade, wire, cement.
4. Translate the following sentences without consulting a dictionary.
1.All types of emission are most effective in vacuum. 2. Radio astronomy deals with transmission and reception of radio waves. 3. The results of that experiment are very interesting. 4. Electromagnetic radiation of gamma rays, X – rays, ultra – violet rays, ordinary visible (видимый) light, infa – red (heat) radiation and radio waves.
5. Translate the words paying attention to the prefix, suffix.
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Untrue, decompose, antibody, ex-champion, creative, builder, architectural, shapeless, equipment, beautiful.
Chapter 1
Vocabulary
along the grain — по направлению волокна
appropriate — подходящий
artificial material -искусственный материал
basement -основание, фундамент
braced — укрепленный
ceiling — потолок
compression — сжатие
constrain — принуждать; вынуждать; сдерживать
construction -строительство
counterpart — копия; дубликат
deliberately — умышленно, нарочно
depart — отступать
design -проектировать
durability — прочность, стойкость
erect -восстанавливать
excavation -земляные работы, выемка грунта
exceed — превышать
finished material -обработанный материал
fire - resisting -огнеупорный
framework -каркас
gap — промежуток
girder -главная балка
grain — (зд.) волокно
inclined — наклонный
inconsistency — несовместимость, несообразность
inferior — худший (по качеству)
inverted — перевернутый
involve — включать, вызывать
log — бревно
merit — достоинство
nevertheless — несмотря на, однако
owe — быть обязанным
proportion -соотносить
rotate — вращать
rough — грубый
somewhat — отчасти, до некоторой степени
span — расстояние (между опорами арки свода)
stiffness — жесткость
succeed — достигать цели; преуспевать
suggest — предполагать
timber -лесоматериал
tubular — трубчатый
uneven floor -шероховатые полы
versatile — многосторонний, гибкий
voussoir — клинчатый камень
wedge — закреплять клином
Глава 2
Строительные материалы.
Вариант 1
SILICATE INDUSTRY
The industry processing the natural compounds of silicon is called the silicate industry. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics.
The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form a putty from which various articles can easily be moulded. When these articles are dried and then baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and retain shape, no longer being softened by water.
In this way clay mixed with water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white and slaked lime.
Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls. The materials roasted in cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flow in the opposite direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in lumps of a caked mass is cement, which is then ground..
When cement is mixed with water, it forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or stones, very firmly. It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a binding material in large-scale construction, including underwater construction.
Cement is often mixed with sand or gravel, in which case we get concrete. Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron.
Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda Na2CO3, limestone CaCO3, and sand SiO2. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath-shaped furnace.
When it cools, the liquid mass of glass does not become hard at once. At first it becomes viscous and readily assumes any shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it. Definite portions of the cooling semiliquid mass are taken from the bath, and these are blown or pressed to make various glassware. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn continuously from the molted mass.
AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES
1.Answer the following questions:
1. What is the name of the industry processing the natural compounds of silicon?
2. What materials are used for making silicate bricks?
3. What are the initial materials for getting glass?
4. How do we get concrete?
5. What is the difference between cement and concrete?
2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian:
natural compounds of silicon; production of cement; coefficient of thermal expansion; bath-shaped furnace; property of glass; to retain the shape; binding material
3. Finish the sentences:
1. When cement is mixed with water, it…
2. The materials used to make silicate bricks are…
3. Cement is used widely as…
4. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly…
5. When these articles are dried and then baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become…
Вариант 2
BRICK
A brick is best described as "a building unit". It may be made of burnt clay, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials; in shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6,5 to 9 lb.
The shape and convenient size of a brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick-building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
It is necessary, therefore, for the "would-be" bricklayer to practise handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.
By placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face, the- brick may be securely handled. It is necessary to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, also prevent the skin from rough bricks
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AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What material is a brick made of?
2. Why brick-building has been popular for many hundreds of years?
3.What is the shape of a brick?
4.What is the brick’s weight?
5. What are the sides of the brick?
2. Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian:
the shape and size of a brick; with an easy confidence; the width of a brick; with complete mastery; to place a brick into a desired position
3. Complete the sentences:
1. A … can be made of burnt clay.
2.Brick-building has been …for many hundreds of years.
3. A "would-be" bricklayer must practise handling a brick until he…
4. A brick-layer is able to… into any desired position.
5.The bricklayer's thumb and the fingers must be protected…
Вариант 3
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.
Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of more suitable character has been produced.
Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.
If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a certain distance, it will at once be realized hat the beam’s own weight will cause the bean to “sag” or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in tension, and if the cross-sectional area is small, causes it to break, especially if the spanning is relatively large.
If, on the other hand, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but incorporated steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.
In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or member) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is consequently devoid of cracks – under normal loading, or so long as the “ elastic limit ” is not exceeded.
Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed extensively for columns, pipes and cylindrical water-towers, storage tanks, etc.
AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES
1. Answer the following questions:
1. Isprestressed concrete a new building material?
2. How long has prestressed concrete been used in construction?
3.What disadvantages does plain concrete have?
4.What is steel used in presteressed concrete for?
5.What will happen if the “elastic limit” of a beam is exceeded?
6.What is prestressed concrete used for?
2. Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian:
strong in compression, a beam made of plain concrete, a beam of similar cross-section, the tensile stress, consequently devoid of cracks, preventing it from breaking.
3. Complete the sentences:
1. Prestressed concrete has been used during ….
2. Plain concrete is strong in….
3. The sagging of the beam made of plain concrete may cause it to…
4. Incorporated steel bars in the lower portion of a beam prevent….
5.A beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under….
6. Prestressed concrete is now employed extensively for….
Вариант 4
