After-text exercises

1.Answer the following questions:

 

1. How is the word “Baroque” defined?

2. What are the main features of Baroque?

3. What arts were integrated into decorative ensembles?

4. What outstanding Baroque architects do you know?

5. What examples of Baroque architecture can you give?

2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian:

 

unbalanced spaces; vivid colours; hidden light sources; luxurious materials; the harmony and balance of spaces; the static, stable and defined space.

 

3. Finish the sentences:

1. The term “Baroque” was used by philosophers…
2. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became…
3. Baroque architecture was a means of propagating….
4. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of …
5. The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate…

 

Вариант 4

ROCOCO.

 

During the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17^th century to suit elegant 18^th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lighted to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.

By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra, Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen, near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Dominikus Zimmermann, Saint-Jacques, Luvenvilli, France, 1730, by Germain Boffrand).

AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES.

1.Answer the following questions:

1. What is the principal current of post-Baroque art?

2. What are the main features of Rococo?

3. What is the difference between Baroque and Rococo?

4. How did the Rococo architects obtain unified spaces?

5. How did they change the churches ceilings?

6. What examples of Rococo architecture can you give?

 

 

2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian:

the robust architecture; an integration of the three arts; graceful and ethereal; to be replaced by pastel shades; violent surface relief; the bravado and dominance of the Baroque; continuous decorative schemes, Pilgrimage Church.

3. Finish the sentences:

1. Various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved during the…
2. The principal current was called…
3. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lighted to…
4. Interior and exterior space entertained and captured the imagination by…
5. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised…

GENERAL EXERCISES.

1. Translate the following sentences, explaining the way of rendering the passive constructions:

1. The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. 2.One of the earliest building in which these techniques were introduced was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. 3.In English architecture, this style is subdivided into Early English, Decorative and Perpendicular. 4.The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. 5.Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources. 6. A very graceful arcade was designed with composite columns, and windows with classical pedimentwere regularly spaced above each of the arches. 7.Its eastern façade is faced with faceted white stones, hencethe name. 8. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. 9.The building structure was lighted to render interiors graceful and ethereal.

 

1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention at the translation of the passive constructions:

1. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12^th century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15^th century. 2. The skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed have given the abbey its traditional claim to the title “first Gothic building”. 3.It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults. 4.By the Gothic survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building. 5.During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. 6. In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15^th-16^th cc). 7. The cathedral of the Assumptionwas built in 1475-1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. 8.Vivid colours were replacedby pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. 9.In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall.

 

8. Find and translate the passive constructions:

1.At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress. 2.When Rayonnanttracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of collonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. 3. The result which could be extraordinary dense has been called the English Decorative style. 4.It was also carried to Cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. 5. They were used for secularbuilding, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. 6. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embracedduring the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance. 7. The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Palace (1487-1491) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architect. 8. “Baroque” was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. 9. Hardouin-Mansart’s Dome des Invalides, Paris (1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17^th century in France.

 

9. Translate the following sentences, explaining the way of rendering the nouns with the articles:

1. It wasn’t easy for a company to build a cottage in a Gothic style. 2. This architect was a Solari. 3.They were taught by a Mr.White. 3. The Vitrivius who was the author of the treatise De architectura is considered the main authority of the Renaissance style. 4. The France of the Baroque period is very beautiful. 5. One is the Italy of the Renaissance, the other is the Italy of the Rococo, and there can be no misunderstanding.

 

10. Translate the following sentences, paying attention at the way f expressing the modality:

1. The Renaissance can be divided into several periods. 2. You can see many Gothic cathedrals in France and Germany. 3. The house cannot be built without a foundation. 4. They will be able to visit the choir of Canterbury cathedral in a week. 5. The ancient architects could not possibly build the skyscrapers. 6. This building may be originated from the Baroque period. 7. Pope Julius II had to rebuild St Peter’s cathedral because it was in a very poor condition. 8. The Renaissance style can be illustrated by any examples. 9. The Architects who took part in projecting the arcade would be upset to learn that it collapsed. 10. the abbey of Sait Denis may be considered the first Gothic building.