Basic computer components

Cтаростина Н.А.

Пономарева М.Н.

Учебно -методическое пособие

По английскому языку

Часть II

 

 

 

Москва 2018

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2 Англ.  - 923

А 64

 

 

Рецензенты кандидат филологических наук, доцент Пономарева М.Н.,

кандидат филологических наук, Пономарев В.В.

 

 

А 64    Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку (часть II) для студентов 2 курса направления 09.03.01 «Информатика и вычислительная техника» очной и заочной форм обучения/сост. Н.А. Старостина, М.Н.Пономарева; ООО «Технологии рекламы», г. Москва, 2018. –  108с.

 

Пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы по английскому языку студентов направления 09.03.01 «Информатика и вычислительная техника» очной и заочной форм обучения. Основной целью издания является развитие навыков чтения, а также навыков устной речи, развитие навыков извлечения информации, ее обработки и получения дополнительных знаний из соответствующих областей технической науки.

Пособие содержит тексты из области информатики, а также включает грамматический материал и упражнения. Тексты сопровождаются словарем, вопросами на проверку общего понимания текста и упражнениями на знание лексических единиц по теме, тексты для домашнего чтения, а также статьи технической направленности.

 

 

                                                                                                   УДК 811.111(075.8)

                                                                                    ББК 81.2 Англ. - 923

     

    

                                                            © ООО «Технологии рекламы», 2018

                                                      © Старостина Н.А., 2018

                                                               © Пономарева М.Н., 2018

PART I

What is a computer?

Architecture

Architecture deals with both the design of computer components (hardware) and the creation of operating systems (software) to control the computer. Although designing and building computers is often considered the province of computer engineering, in practice there exists considerable overlap with computer science.

Basic computer components

A digital computer typically consists of a control unit, an arithmetic-logic unit, a memory unit, and input-output units. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations—such as OR and AND. The main computer memory, usually high-speed random-access memory (RAM), stores instructions and data. The control unit fetches data and instructions from memory and effects the operations of the ALU. The control unit and ALU usually are referred to as a processor, or central processing unit (CPU). The operational speed of the CPU primarily determines the speed of the computer as a whole. The basic operation of the CPU is analogous to a computation carried out by a person using an arithmetic calculator, as illustrated in the figure. The control unit corresponds to the human brain and the memory to a notebook that stores the program, initial data, and intermediate and final computational results. In the case of an electronic computer, the CPU and fast memories are realized with transistor circuits.

I/O units, or devices, are commonly referred to as computer peripherals and consist of input units (such as keyboards and optical scanners) for feeding instructions and data into the computer and output units (such as printers and monitors) for displaying results.

In addition to RAM, a computer usually contains some slower, but larger and permanent, secondary memory storage. Almost all computers contain a magnetic storage device known as a hard disk, as welt as a disk drive to read from or write to removable magnetic media known as floppy disks. Various optical and magnetic-optical hybrid removable storage media are also quite common, such as CD-ROMs (compact disc read-only memory) and DVD-ROMs (digital video disc read-only memory).

Computers also often contain a cache—a small, extremely fast (compared to RAM) memory unit that can be used to store information that will be urgently or frequently needed. Current research includes cache design and algorithms that can predict what data is likely to be needed next and preload it into the cache for improved performance.

EXERCISES

deal with                   иметь дело с

hardware                  аппаратное обеспечение

software                   программное обеспечение

be considered           рассматривается как

overlap                    совпадение

digital                      цифровой

analog                      аналоговый

random-access         выборочный

fetch                        извлекать

effect                       осуществлять

operational speed    операционная скорость

as a whole               в целом

control unit             устройство управления

correspond              соотноситься

initial                      первоначальный

intermediate           промежуточный

circuit                     схема, цепь

input units              устройства ввода

output units            устройства вывода

secondary memory  вспомогательная память

magnetic                магнитный

storage device        запоминающее устройство

hard disk                жесткий диск

disk drive               дисковод

floppy disk             дискета

versatile                 гибкий

cache                      кэш

 

1. Find in the text & translate the situations in which the following words & word-combinations are used:

Transistor circuits, random-access memory, the speed of the computer, the operations of the ALU, considerable overlap, design, digital video disk, hardware, permanent, for displaying results, a memory unit, basic operation, is analogous, predict, preload, computer components.

 

2. Match English & Russian equivalents:

a) hardware                                     а) цифровой компьютер

b) random-access memory              б) первоначальные (исходные данные)

c) digital computer                          в) устройство вывода

d) initial data                                   г) дисковод

e) output units                                 д) содержать

f) contain                                        е) выборочная память

g) disk drive                                    ж) аппаратное обеспечение

3. Translate words & word-combinations in brackets:

1) Architecture deals with the (конструирование) of computer components.

2) A (цифровой) computer typically consists of a control unit, an arithmetic-logic unit, a memory unit and input/output units.

3) The ALU (выполняет) arithmetic and logic operations.

4) The operational speed of the CPU primarily (определяет) the speed of the computer as a whole.

5) The computer memory corresponds to a (блокнот) that stores different data.

6) In the case of an electronic computer, the CPU and fast memories are realized with (транзисторные платы).

7) I/O units are commonly referred to as computer as computer peripherals and consist of (устройство ввода) and (устройство вывода).

8) Almost all computers contain a (магнитное запоминающее устройство) known as a hard disk.

 

4. Answer the following questions:

1) What does computer architecture deal with?

2) What parts does a digital computer usually consist of?

3) Does the control unit fetch data from memory and effect the operations of the ALU?

4) To what does the control unit correspond?

5) What for are input units used?

6) What does computer memory do?

7) What is cache?

8) What removable storage media can you name?

 

5. Translate the following into Russian:

1) Цифровой компьютер обычно состоит из устройства управления, блока памяти, устройств ввода и вывода.

2) Устройство управления и вычислительный блок обычно соотносят с человеческим разумом.

3) Устройство управления извлекает данные и инструкции из памяти.

4) Операционная скорость процессора определяет скорость компьютера в целом.

5) Достаточно распространены различные оптические и смешанные магнитно-оптические сменные средства сохранения информации, такие как CD-ROMы и DVD-ROMы.

6) В компьютерах часто содержится кэш – маленькое, чрезвычайно быстрое устройство памяти.

7) Сменные магнитные средства хранения информации называются дискетами.

 

6. Retell the text using the following plan:

1) Computer architecture.

2) Parts, of which a digital computer consists.

3) Functions, the arithmetic-logic unit performs.

4) The “duties” of a computer memory unit.

5) The control unit; a processor.

6) Computer peripherals: I/O units.

7) Secondary memory storage: hard disk, disk drive, floppy disks, CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.

8) Say, what is cache and what it is used for.

 

computer memory

Computer memory is a physical device that is used to store such information as data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. The memory of a typical digital computer retains information of this sort in the form of the digits 0 and 1 of the binary code. It contains numerous individual storage cells, each of which is capable of holding one such binary digit (or "bit") when placed in either of two stable electronic, magnetic, or physical states corresponding to 0 and 1. The main memories of digital computers usually operate by means of transistor circuits. In these electronic circuits, binary digits are represented as states of electric charge—on or off, closed or open, conducting or nonconducting, resistive or nonresistive—that can be held, detected, and changed for purposes of storing or manipulating the data represented by the digits.

Most digital computer systems have two levels of memory—the main memory and one or more auxiliary storage units. Besides the main memory, other units of the computer (e.g., the control unit, arithmetic-logic unit [ALU], and input/output units) also use transistor circuits to store electronic signals.

The flow of electric current through the transistors in memory units is controlled by semiconductor materials. Semiconductor memories utilizing very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuitry are extensively used in all digital computers because of their low cost and compactness. Composed of one or more silicon chips only about a quarter of an inch in size, they contain several million microelectronic circuits, each of which stores a binary digit. Semiconductor memories provide great storage capacity but are volatile— i.e., they lose their contents if the power supply is cut off.

A special type of transistor circuit for temporary storage of a binary digit is called a flip-flop. A single flip-flop consists of four or a few more transistors. Once a flip-flop stores a binary digit 0 or 1, it keeps that digit until it is rewritten to 1 or 0, respectively. A set of flip-flops that temporarily stores a program instruction (or two or three instructions in the case of certain types of computers) or a number (as in a computational result) is called a register. Numerous flip-flops and registers are used not only In the memory unit but in the ALU and control unit as well.

Exercises.

1.silicon chip    кремниевый чип          

quarter            четверть                

device            приспособление            

sequence        последовательность

temporary      временный                     

permanent      постоянный

retain             сохранять                       

contain           содержать

to be capable быть в состоянии           

hold                держать

state               состояние (физ.)            

represent         представлять

conducting     проводящий                  

resistive           устойчивый

auxiliary         вспомогательный     

semiconductor    полупроводник

low                 низкий                           

cost                   цена

compactness  компактность                  

inch                  дюйм

capacity         емкость                           

volatile             непостоянный

flip-flop         триггер                            

respectively     соответственно

                     

2. Give Russian equivalents to:

Physical device, such information as data, the memory retains information, numerous individual storage sells, either of two, is capable, by means of, are represented as state of, for purposes, auxiliary storage unit, is controlled, very-large-scale integration, one or more, are volatile, a set of flip-flops, as well.

 

3. Make up Passive constructions:

1) We use computer memory to store information. 2) Computer use transistor circuits to store infomation. 3) Semiconductor materials control the flow of electric current through the transistors in memory.

 

4. Translate into English:

1) Память типичного цифрового компьютера содержит информацию в виде цифр 0 и 1 двоичного кода. 2) Основная память цифрового компьютера работает на транзисторных схемах. 3) У большинства цифровых компьютеров два уровня памяти. 4) Полупроводниковая память, основанная на одном или более чипах, состоит из нескольких миллионов микроэлектронных схем. 5) Триггер – это особый вид транзисторной схемы для временного хранения цифр двоичного кода.

 

5. Retell the text according to the following plan:

a) The definition of the computer memory.

b) The binary code.

c) The quantity of memories the average digital computer has.

d) What is the main computer memory based on?

e) The auxiliary memory units.

f) Why is ‘very-large-scale integration circuitry’ used in all digital computers?

g) Functions of flip-flops.