We learn the new words /Мы учим новые слова

endocrine system - эндокринная система

coordinate - координировать

motor - моторный

perceptual - персептивный

voluntary - добровольный

involuntary - непроизвольный

thyroid gland - щитовидная железа

adrenal medulla - мозг надпочечников

emergency - чрезвычайная ситуация

adrenal cortex - кора надпочечников

removal - устранение

failure - сбой

endocrine glands - эндокринные железы

internal - внутренний

ductless - безводный

secretion - секреция, выделение

 hormones - гормоны

excite - возбудить, волновать

blood stream - кровоток

deliver - доставлять

depress - угнетать

neither... nor... - ни... ни...

disturbance - нарушение

accompany - сопровождаться

increase - увеличение

hyperfunction - гиперфункция

decrease - уменьшение

hypofunction - гипофункция

secrete - выделять

superfluous - избыточный

insufficient - недостаточный

fraction - фракция, доля

interconnect - взаимосвязанный

hypothesis - гипофиз

exercise - осуществлять

nerves - нервы

neurohumoral – нейрогуморальный

We read / Мы читаем     There are two organ systems - the nervous system and the endocrines - which coordinate the activities of all others. Almost nothing can happen to the body anywhere without appropriate response either motor or perceptual, voluntary or involuntary. Similarly, various parts of the endocrine system act upon each other and other organs, stimulating them to do their special jobs. Thus, the thyroid gland stimulates the metabolism of all bodily parts. The adrenal medulla mobilizes the activities of many organ systems in case of the emergency. And the adrenal cortex exercises control over many body functions, so important that its removal results in failure of the functions and the death of the animal.

     Endocrine glands or glands of internal secretion are ductless glands, that is, they empty their secretions - chemical substances called hormones (from the Greek word «hormao» - excite) - directly into the blood stream. The hormones are carried through out the organism with the blood and are delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or depress. Neither single hormone nor endocrine gland acts wholly by itself at any time.

    We know hormones to play a very important part in the organism. Many of them affect metabolism and the activity of the cardiovascular and other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may be not only due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyperfunction) but to a decrease (hypofunction).

    The functions of all the endocrine glands are interconnected so that the glands make up a single system. Physiologists consider the hypophysis to be the chief gland of this system; they consider it to produce special substances which stimulate the activities of other endocrine glands.

     The activities of endocrine glands are regulated by the nervous system. The hormones in their turn affect the functions of the different parts of the nervous system.

Find in each row the word, the translation of which is given at the beginning of the series / Найдите перевод русского слова в каждом ряду

1. деятельность — activator, activities, activation, activity, activist;

2. подобным образом, также — similarity, similar, simple, similarly;

3. таким образом, так — so, then, thus, actually; 4. влиять на... — to effect, to defect, to affect

Quiz