2020-04-12
2030
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces characteristic tuberculosis changes in the lungs. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys, etc. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 1882.
In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and body weight. Cough may be dry or productive, i. e. with sputum discharge. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. Coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of sputum.
Sputum is mucopurulent. Its microscopic examination reveals a large number of pus corpuscles, erythrocytes, and tuberculosis organisms. Blood in the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. If large blood vessels are involved, the discharge of blood may become profuse.
Fever is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. In benign processes the body temperature is often subfebrile. In active forms it may range from 38 to 39°C.
A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms, when fever persists at a level of 38°C and higher for several months.
Cold profuse perspiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is caused by tuberculosis intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and of appetite. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in the disease progression.
When a person develops active tuberculosis (disease), the symptoms (cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss etc.) may be mild for many months. It can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in transmission of the bacteria to others. People who are ill with tuberculosis can infect up to 10-15 other people through close contact over the course of a year. Without the proper treatment up to two thirds of these people die.
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Say it in English:
| туберкулёзная палочка эта болезнь может поражать другие органы лимфатические железы возбудитель был открыт ранняя стадия общее недомогание потеря аппетита | потеря веса выделение мокроты первый признак туберкулёза постоянный симптом излечимый процесс значительное повышение холодное обильное потоотделение сложная форма скорость обмена веществ резкое увеличение |
In pairs, discuss the following questions:
1) What is this text about?
2) What is the cause of pulmonary tuberculosis?
3) What symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis do you know?
4) What organs can be affected by this disease?
5) Who discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis?
6) When does coughing become worse?
7) What do you know about sputum?
8) What do you know about temperature in TB?
9) Is loss of body weight particularly marked in the disease progression?
10) Is sputum mucopurulent or not?
Speaking
Name the symptoms of tuberculosis.
Guess the following puzzles:
1) It is a serious infections disease affecting your lungs.
2) It is a medical condition in which the temperature of your body is very high and you feel ill.
3) It is a thick unpleasant substance that is produced in your throat and lungs when you have an infection.
4) It is the red liquid that flows around your body.
5) It is one of the two organs in your chest that are filled with air when you breathe.
6) It is one of the two organs in your body that clean your blood and remove waste.
Тема 6.16. Surgical Diseases. Appendicitis. / Хирургические болезни. Аппендицит. Управление болью.
Level A
We learn the new words / Мы учим новые слова
1. appendicitis [əˌpendiˈsaɪtɪs] n - аппендицит;
2. inflammation [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn] n – воспаление;
3. appendage [ əˈpendɪdʒ] n – придаток;
4. surgeon [ˈsəːdʒən] n – хирург;
5. laxative [ˈlæksətɪv] n – слабительное (средство);
6. purgative [ˈpəːɡətɪv] n – очищающее, слабительное.
7. either…or - или…или
8. administer – назначать
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9. anaesthesia (anesthesia) – наркоз, анестезия
10. ambulance – машина скорой помощи
11. abdominal [əbˊdɒminl] a брюшной
12. gown [gaun] n халат
13. glove [glᴧv] n перчатка
14. scalpel [ˊskᴂlpəl] n скальпель
15. to last [la:st] v продолжаться
16. successful [səkˊsesful] a удачный
We read / Мы читаем
Text 1
Appendicitis is a surgical disease. It is an inflammation of the appendix, which is small, finger-like appendage on the intestine. The patient has pain in the abdomen, the middle of the abdomen to begin with, which later settles in the lower part on the right side.
There is tenderness in the right lower abdomen. This is usually accompanied by fever, and often vomiting.
It is important to consult the surgeon as soon as possible, and till then nothing should be given by mouth-no food, water or medicine, and certainly no laxative or purgative.
An anaesthetist is a doctor who administers an anaesthetic. An anesthetic is a drug causing anaesthesia, either local or general.
Say it in English / Скажите это по-английски:
Воспаление аппендикса, кишечник, боль в брюшной полости, сопровождается лихорадкой, хирург, как можно быстрее, лекарство, общая анестезия, общая анестезия.
What are the symptoms of appendicitis? / Назовите симптомы аппендицита
Text 2
In the Operating-room
I saw some operations during my practice in the operating-room. Yesterday an ambulance brought a man to our hospital. The patient felt a severe abdominal pain. The doctor diagnosed appendicitis.
The patient was prepared for the operation and put on the operating-table. The doctor washed his arms and hands, dried them on a sterile towel, put on a gown, and gloves. The assistant gave the patient anaesthesia. The nurse gave the surgeon a scalpel and he began the operation. It lasted for about an hour and was successful.
Say it in Russian / Скажите это по-русски:
during my practice; an ambulance; felt a severe abdominal pain; diagnosed appendicitis; a sterile towel; put on a gown; gloves; gave him anaesthesia;a scalpel; lasted; was successful
Составьте и напишите предложения из следующих слов; затем скажите их, не глядя в тетрадь:
in, saw, room, operating, I, operations, some, the
before, doctor, arms, the, washed, operation, the, his, hands, and
the, gave, to, scalpel, nurse, a, surgeon, the
successful, operation, the, was
Level B
Vocabulary
to be in good health – быть здоровым
a sharp pain – резкая боль
severe – очень сильный
acute – острый
to last – длиться
a ward – палата
to fall asleep – заснуть
daily round – ежедневный обход
to remove – удалять
sutures – швы
Reading
Text 1
Acute Appendicitis
A man, aged 30 years, who had always been in good health, fell ill with fever, vomiting and sharp abdominal pains. He decided to consult a physician and went to the dispensary. When he came there, the pain in the right abdomen became very severe. The doctor who saw him at the dispensary diagnosed acute appendicitis and immediately sent him to the hospital. The surgeon who was on duty that day took him into the operating – room at once.
The doctor’s assistant gave the anaesthetics, and the operation began. It lasted half an hour. After the operation when the nurses brought him to the ward, he fell asleep and slept for some hours. When he woke up no longer felt any bad pain and looked much better.
In the morning when the surgeon was making his daily round he examined the patient and found him in a good condition. The pulse was normal and of good tension. The patient kept the bed for five days, and then he began to walk about. On the seventh day the sutures were removed and ten days after the operation the man was discharged from the hospital.
Fill in the gap using the words from text 2:
to fell ill with…
in good … condition.
sharp … pains.
acute….
the doctor’s
Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations:
to be in good health, to fall ill, fever, vomit, pain, doctor, diagnose, medicine, to feel better, to be in good condition.
