Crimean War (1853-1856)

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

Образовательное учреждение Владимирской области

«Александровский медицинский колледж»

 

 

ДОКЛАД

по дисциплине: «Иностранный язык»

БИОГРАФИЯ НИКОЛАЯ ИВАНОВИЧА ПИРОГОВА

 

 

                                                                          Автор работы:

Лошакова  Екатерина Сергеевна-

студентка 1 курса специальности

                                                                           31.02.01 Лечебное дело

 

                                                                          Руководитель работы:

                                                                          Устинова Марина Сергеевна

                                            

 

 

Александров

2020 г.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov(1810-1881 year)

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (November 13 [25], 1810, Moscow - November 23 [December 5], 1881, v. Vishnya (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, natural scientist and teacher, professor, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia. Privy Advisor.

Biography

Born in 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a military treasurer, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (1772-1826). He was the thirteenth child in the family (according to three different documents stored in the former Imperial University of Dorpat, N.I. Pirogov was born two years earlier - on November 13, 1808). Mother - Elizaveta Ivanovna Novikova, belonged to the old Moscow merchant family.

Received primary education at home. In 1822-1824 he studied in a private boarding school of V. S. Kryazhev, who was forced to leave because of the worsened financial situation of his father.

In 1823 he enrolled as a short-term student at the Faculty of Medicine at Imperial Moscow University (in the petition he indicated that he was sixteen years old; despite his need for a family, Pirogov’s mother refused to send him to state-owned students, “it was considered as something humiliating”). I listened to lectures by H.I. Loder, M. Ya. Mudrov, and E.O. Mukhin, which had a significant impact on the formation of Pirogov's scientific views. In 1828 he graduated from the Department of Medical Sciences of the University with a doctor’s degree and was enrolled in the students of the Professor’s Institute, opened at the Imperial University of Derpt to train future professors of Russian universities. He studied under the guidance of Professor I.F. Moyer, in whose house he met V.A. Zhukovsky, and at the University of Derpt, made friends with V.I. Dahl.

In 1833, after defending a dissertation (topic: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta with inguinal aneurysm an easy and safe intervention?”), He was sent to study at a University of Berlin with a group of eleven of his professors at the Institute of Medicine (among them - F. I. Inozemtsev, P. D. Kalmykov, D. L. Kryukov, M. S. Kutorg, V. S. Pecherin, A. M. Filomafitsky, A. I. Chivilev).

After returning to Russia (1836) at the age of twenty-six, he was elected professor of theoretical and practical surgery at Imperial University of  Derpt.

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to St. Petersburg, where he headed the Department of Surgery at the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy. At the same time, Pirogov supervised the hospital surgery clinic organized by him from the 2nd Military Overland Hospital. Since Pirogov’s duties included training of military surgeons, he began to study the surgical methods common at that time. Many of them were radically reworked. In addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he was able more often than other surgeons to avoid amputation of limbs. One of these tricks to date is called the Pirogov Operation.

In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy." So a new medical discipline was born - topographic anatomy. Based on the results of this study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections made through the frozen human body in three directions,” which has become an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons had the opportunity to operate, causing minimal injury to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of surgical surgery.

In 1846, Pirogov was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (IAN).

In 1847, Pirogov left for the army in the Caucasus, because he wanted to test field methods developed by him. In the Caucasus, he first applied bandaging with starch; starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and stronger than previously used splint. In the same year, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, performed an operation with open-air William Morton in 1846 with ether anesthesia in the field (during the siege of Salta aul), subsequently performing about ten thousand such operations. In October 1847, Pirogov received the rank of full state councilor.

Crimean War (1853-1856)

At the beginning of the Crimean War on November 6, 1854, Pirogov, together with a group of doctors and nurses led by him, left St. Petersburg for a theater of operations. Among the doctors were E. V. Kade, P. A. Khlebnikov, A. L. Obermiller, L. A. Beckers, doctor of medicine V. I. Tarasov and paramedic I. Kalashnikov, faithful assistant I. N. Pirogov. The nurses, in whose training Pirogov took part, represented the Holy Cross Exaltation Community of Sisters of Charity, which had just been established on the initiative of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. Pirogov was the chief surgeon of the city of Sevastopol besieged by the Anglo-French troops.

When operating the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of Russian medicine applied a plaster cast, giving rise to a saving tactic for treating wounds to limbs and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Holy Cross Community of Sisters of Charity. He divided them into four groups: dressing rooms, pharmacists, housewives, as well as transport sisters who accompanied the wounded to the hospital. This was an innovation in those days. In addition, the sisters were engaged in cleaning, preparing food and controlling the commissaries. Of the 250 sisters of mercy who worked in Sevastopol, 17 died from injuries and illnesses. About the unprecedented activity of the sisters of the Holy Cross Exaltation community and in

memory of their feat Pirogov wrote "A historical review of the actions of the Holy Cross Exaltation community of nursing care about the wounded and sick in military hospitals in the Crimea and the Kherson province from December 1, 1854 to December 1, 1856"

The most important merit of Pirogov is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of sorting the wounded. Pirogov proposed for the first time in the world to classify the wounded according to severity into five categories: 1) hopeless and mortally wounded; 2) seriously and dangerously wounded, requiring urgent help; 3) severe, able to survive after primary care delivery to the hospital; 4) to be sent to the hospital; and 5) lightly wounded, who receive assistance on the spot (applying a light bandage or removing a surface-sitting bullet). From this sorting the entire medical and evacuation service of the army subsequently grew. With great difficulty Pirogov managed to organize the work of military transport teams with horses and convenient wagons, which allowed them to quickly deliver the wounded to the hospital. Therefore, Pirogov is justly considered the founder of a special direction in surgery, known as military field surgery.

For his services in helping the wounded and sick, Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the 1st degree.

In 1855, Pirogov was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Moscow University. In the same year, at the request of a St. Petersburg doctor N.F. Zdekauer, D.I. Mendeleev, the then senior teacher of the Simferopol gymnasium, was admitted and examined by N.I. Pirogov, who had health problems since his youth (they even suspected that he had consumption) Stating that the patient was in a satisfactory condition, Pirogov said: “You will survive both of us” - this plan not only instilled confidence in the future great scientist in favor of his fate, but also came true.