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The United States did not enter the war until April 1917. - Соединенные Штаты вступили в войну только в апреле 1917 г.
Таким же образом переводятся конструкции с unless. Expenditures for rent, electricity, water and fuel shall not be made unless authorized and the amount for each item shall not be exceeded. - Расходы, связанные с платой за помещение, освещение, водоснабжение и топливо, должны производиться только тогда, когда они предусмотрены сметой, причем не должны пре- вышаться установленные суммы расходов по каждой статье.
Задание А. Переведите следующие предложения, используя прием антонимического перевода.
…1. Soames, with his set lips and his square chin, was not unlike a bull- dog. 2. He had an old mother whom he never disobeyed. 3. “She was never well”, - said Peggy, “ for a long time”. 4. Although “British Ally” is now dead and is probably only dimly remembered, the inner history of the paper has di- rect bearing upon events to-day. 5. I had thought that Bulmer’s sharp-tongued, jealous wife had cured him of his pecularity but it seems old habits die hard.
6. No free labour will be hired on this concentration camp project. 7. He was not unfriendly to a particular type of prisoner. 8. I don’t dislike you Mr. Mont, but Fleur is everything to me. 9. Rank-and-file trade unionists are loyal to the interests of workers but the Right-wing Labour leaders are not. 10. But my mind did not run so much on this as might be supposed. 11. I was brought up in middle-class environment ignorant of much of the stern reality of life. 12. You have an opportunity to judge for yourselves of the cynical lack of morality of these “representatives of culture”. 13. But I found that throughout the betrayed land people knew the truth and were bittery blaming their leaders for their lack of response to the neighbour’s offer.
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Задание Б. Укажите, как передаются значения союзов unless, until, without.
1. She never told him until afterward how painful that duty was. 2. I may mention here what I did not discover until afterwards. 3. Postmasters shall not rent any part of any room or store until a report has been made to the Division of Post-Office Quarters and authority received for such occupancy. 4. No person shall be eligible for appointment as postmaster in the Continental United States unless he is a citizen of the United States on July 30, 1947. 5. Confidential papers should not be released from the post-office unless authorized by the Department.
6. I never returned from these trips to the war areas during the early days of con- flict without marvelling at the strength that lay in the rank-and-file members of
that society. 7. She had remained with him through his advertising and had not left him until after his success.
ГЕРУНДИЙ
Герундий имеет грамматические особенности как глагола, так и су- ществительного и всегда выражает действие как процесс.
Формальными признаками герундия, отличающими его от причастия, являются:
1) наличие предлога,
2) наличие притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном падеже.
The new method of making this experiment.
I like your post-graduate’s making experiments.
Формы герундия
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
Perfect Gerund Active и Passive выражают действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному сказуемым.
He went away without having told us the necessary information. – Он ушел, не сообщив нам необходимых сведений.
I remember having been helped then. - Я помню, что мне тогда помог-
ли.
1. Подлежащее:
Функции герундия
Mastering this quality is an indispensable thing. - Овладеть (или овладе- ние) этой специальностью необходимо.
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2. Именная часть составного именного сказуемого:
My favourite occupation is reading. - Мое любимое занятие - чтение.
3. Дополнение прямое и предложное:
I like studying English. - Мне нравится изучать английский.
They spoke of organizing a library. - Они говорили об организации биб- лиотеки.
4. Определение:
I have an intention of reading this article as soon as possible. - У меня есть намерение прочесть эту статью как можно быстрее.
5. Обстоятельство:
After returning to Moscow he resumed his work. - После возвращения (после того, как он вернулся, возвратившись) в Москву он возобновил ра- боту.
Герундий может переводиться:
1) существительным,
2) деепричастием,
3) инфинитивом,
4) придаточным предложением.
Сложные формы герундия обычно переводятся придаточным пред- ложением.
Задание. Переведите на русский язык.
1. It has been shown that there is a distortion of the crystal lattice, accom- panying the charge-ordered state. 2. What is worth doing is worth doing well.
3. At this stage innovation becomes a group and not an individual activity, in- volving both a sophisticated body of information and a sophisticated technol- ogy. 4. Soon P. Curie joined M. Curie in her research for the “mysterious” sub- stance, giving up his own research. 5. It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture. 6. In 1913 Bohr proposed the solar theory of the atom, giving rise to still greater activity in both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics. 7. Some people have been so scared reading about harmful effects of smoking that they gave up reading.
8. Now mention should be made of the fact that geochemistry applies the con- cepts of chemistry to terrestrial circumstances, studying the distribution of ele- ments in the course of geologic evolution. 9. The editor could not help detecting many errors both of fact and of thinking. 10. Are these prognoses really worth making?
Герундиальный оборот
В английском языке герундиальный оборот эквивалентен придаточ- ному предложению, чаще всего дополнительному, и представляет собой сочетание имени существительного или местоимения с герундием. Нали- чие перед герундием существительного в притяжательном падеже или в общем падеже (для неодушевленных предметов) или притяжательного ме- стоимения служит показателем герундиального оборота.
Герундиальный оборот переводится придаточным предложением, в котором притяжательное местоимение или существительное переводится личным местоимением или существительным в функции подлежащего
придаточного предложения (например, my, his переводится «я», «он»), а герундий - личной формой глагола.
Наиболее употребительные слова, которые при переводе герунди- ального оборота вводят придаточное предложение, следующие: о том, чтобы; на том, чтобы; то, что (если перед герундием стоит предлог by):
I know of his having sent you a letter. - Я знаю о том, что он послал вам письмо.
I know of his having been sent to London. - Я знаю, что его послали в Лондон.
His having been sent to London is widely discussed now. - То, что его по- слали в Лондон, сейчас широко обсуждается.
Задание. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Mendeleev’s having established a periodic law of nature has entered his name into the history book of the world science. 2. Success in science often re- sults from the scientist’s confining his attention to one problem for many a year.
3. The results of the experiment depended upon his having applied the proper technique. 4. The idea of scientists’ being responsible for most ills of the pres- ent day situation is unfortunately quite popular. 5. A brain-storming session consists in everybody’s proposing so many, and as wild ideas, as possible, without being concerned as to whether they are workable. 6. Science is some- times humorously defined as a practice of the student’s satisfying his curiosity at the expense of the Government.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ
В английском языке различают два причастия Participle 1 и Participle 2. Они, как и прилагательные, обозначают признак предмета. В отличие от прилагательного признак, обозначенный причастием, указыва- ет на действие или состояние предмета (a revolving part), а не на его каче- ство (a big part).
Формы причастия
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | having written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
Причастие может переводиться на русский язык причастием, опреде- лительным придаточным предложением, деепричастием.
Причастие выполняет следующие функции:
1) определения
The man developing this lecture Человек, читающий лекцию, is our professor. наш профессор.
The machine, designed by him Машина, сконструированная
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will help us greatly. им, очень нам поможет. The book looked for by us is Книга, которую мы искали, not yet found. до сих пор не найдена.
2) обстоятельства
Reading English books you enlarge Читая английские книги, вы
your vocabulary. увеличиваете свой словарный запас. While studying a foreign language Изучая иностранный язык,
students should learn new words. студенты должны учить новые сло-
ва.
When asked he answered at once. Когда его спросили, он тотчас же
ответил.
Сложные формы причастий
Being built of reinforced concrete Так как дом строится из железо- the house will be durable. бетона, он будет прочным.
Having finished my work, I Закончив работу, я пошел
went home. домой.
Having been translated Так как книга была переведена into many languages, the book на многие языки, она стала became known everywhere. известна всюду.
Сравнение форм причастия и герундия
Оформленные одинаково с помощью суффикса -ing, причастие и ге- рундий различаются по своим функциям в предложении и по тем фор- мальным признакам, которые имеет герундий.
Независимый причастный оборот
Самостоятельный (независимый) причастный оборот очень часто встречается в научно-технической и общественно-политической литера- туре, а так как аналогичных оборотов в русском языке нет, они несколько затрудняют понимание текста. Независимый причастный оборот – это ге- рундий со своим собственным подлежащим, тогда как у предложения есть свое подлежащее. Если оборот стоит в начале предложения, то при пере- воде вводится подчинительными союзами: если, так как, поскольку, когда, после чего, как и др.
The weather permitting, we shall Если погода позволит, мы
start tomorrow. отправимся завтра.
Независимый причастный оборот, стоящий в конце предложения, пе- реводится сложным предложением с сочинительными союзами а, и, но, причем.
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On the average some 20 per cent of В среднем ежегодно около
solar energy reaches the land surface 20% солнечной энергии
each year, the share being somewhat достигает поверхности земли,
bigger in southern lattitudes. причем количество солнечной энер-
гии бывает несколько больше в юж- ных широтах.
Чтобы узнать самостоятельный причастный оборот в тексте, надо об- ратить внимание на его формальные признаки:
1) перед причастием стоит существительное без предлога или место- имение в именительном падеже;
2) самостоятельный причастный оборот всегда отделен занятой.
Задание А. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathemat- ics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 2. At one time a giant lake extended from Vienna to the Aral Sea, its last descendants being the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea of today. 3. They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days.
4. With everyone being a layman in most fields but his own, it is very important to exchange information on major developments. 5. The universe is now essen- tially composed of about 90 % hydrogen and 9 % helium, with the remaining 1 % accounting for the more complex atoms. 6. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 7. Originally a mathemati- cian, he became engaged first in theoretical physics and then in space research, all these fields being closely interconnected.
Задание Б. Переведите на английский язык.
1. The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful. 2. The most interesting of these phenomena is the reduction of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, each concentrated at a different interface, two being out of immediate contact with air. 3. This is the principle of inertia - if something is moving, with nothing touching it and completely undisturbed, it will go on forever at a uniform speed in a straight line. 4. An understanding of these particles, in spite of their being connected with the basic forces of the universe, presents a tremendous chal-
lenge to the human intellect. 5. The test consists of repeated measurements of intensity with various sizes of apertures being used. 6. The difference between the two values probably accounts for the measured sensitivity being higher than that predicted by theory.
Наличие союзов when и while показывает, что это Participle 1 в функ- ции обстоятельства.
(When) seeing the car at the door On seeing the car at the door I understood I understood that our director had that our director had already returned. - already returned.(Participle). Увидев автомобиль у подъезда, я понял,
что наш директор уже вернулся.
Задание А. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Establishing relationship between the phenomena of the Universe is a major task of theory. 2. Having reported of his discovery of rays of unknown nature Bequerel excited the curiosity of Marie Curie. 3. Realizing the necessity for a different approach the physicists reluctantly abandoned the project.
4. Confining his attention to one problem the scientist will surely achieve its solution much sooner. 5. Putting the discovery to use sometimes requires more effort than making. 6. Pointing out their mistakes to some people is often quite difficult.
Задание Б. Переведите на русский язык.
1. It has been shown that there is a distortion of the crystal lattice, accom- panying the charge-ordered state. 2. What is worth doing is worth doing well.
3. At this stage innovation becomes a group and not an individual activity, in- volving both a sophisticated body of information and a sophisticated technol- ogy. 4. Soon P. Curie joined M. Curie in her search for the “mysterious” sub- stance, giving up his own research. 5. It is no good stressing a paradox if you wish to excite curiosity of the audience unprepared for the lecture. 6. In 1913 Bohr proposed the solar theory of the atom, giving rise to still greater activity in both theoretical and experimental nuclear physics.
ИНФИНИТИВ
Формы инфинитива
| Выражают действие, одно- временное с действием, выраженным глаголом- сказуемым | Indefinite Continuous | Active to write to be writing | Passive to be written - |
| Выражают действие, | Perfect | to have | to have |
| предшествовавшее дейст- | written | been written | |
| вию, выраженному глаго- | Perfect | to have been | |
| лом-сказуемым | Continuous | writing | - |
Функции инфинитива
1. Подлежащее
To master this speciality is not an easy thing.
2. Дополнение
Овладеть (овладение) этой специ- альностью - нелегкое дело.
He likes to speak with us on this Он любит говорить с нами по этому
subject. вопросу.
3. Обстоятельство цели
I have come here (in order) to help you.
To know English well, you have to work hard.
Я пришел сюда, чтобы помочь вам.
Для того чтобы знать английский язык хорошо, вы должны усердно работать.
4. Определение
Инфинитив в функции определения, как правило, имеет модальный оттенок, т.е. выражает долженствование, возможность или может выра- жать будущее время;
The material to be used has been care- fully examined.
Вещество, которое будет приме- няться, тщательно исследовано.
Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык:
1) определительным придаточным предложением, выражающим дол- женствование, возможность или будущее время;
2) существительным с предлогом или существительным в родитель- ном падеже.
Here is the student to complete this work.
Вот студент, который закончит эту работу (должен закончить).
Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение)
В английском языке инфинитивные обороты употребляются очень широко и всегда равнозначны в русском языке придаточным предложени- ям. Объектный инфинитивный оборот - это сочетание имени существи- тельного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже с инфи- нитивом глагола, выступающее как единый член предложения – сложное дополнение. Оно употребляется после глаголов с широким кругом значе- ний, выражающих:
1) желание и потребность
to want, to wish, to like
The lecturer wanted the students to make a thorough study of the book.
Лектор хотел, чтобы студенты тща- тельно изучили эту книгу.
2) предположение
to suppose, to expect, to consider to assume
to believe - полагать
to hold
3) физическое восприятие и ощущение
to watch, to observe - наблюдать
to notice - замечать
to see - видеть
to hear - слышать
to feel - ощущать, чувствовать
После всех этих глаголов, а также после глаголов make, cause в значе- нии «заставить, вынудить» инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.
The first-year students heard the the professor deliver his lecture at the con- ference.
Студенты первого курса слышали, как профессор читал лекцию на конференции.
Предложение, содержащее сложное дополнение, переводится прида- точным дополнительным предложением, вводимым союзами: что, чтобы, как.
В тех случаях, когда нужно подчеркнуть не факт совершения дейст- вия, а то, что действие происходит в момент речи, вместо инфинитива часто употребляется причастие.
We saw the student making an ex- periment in the lab.
Мы видели, как студент проводил опыт в лаборатории.
Сложное подлежащее
Неопределенно-личным предложениям русского языка чаще всего со- ответствуют пассивные обороты типа:
It is said... - говорят… …...
It is reported... – cообщают...…
It is supposed…... - предполагают...…
Этому обороту соответствует простое предложение.
It is said that they work They are said to work much at
much at their English. their English.
Говорят, что они много работают над английским.
Эта конструкция, выраженная существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже с инфинитивом, переводится на русский язык сложноподчиненным предложением.
Сложное подлежащее употребляется:
1) с глаголами, обозначающими просьбу, приказание, познавательные процессы: to say, to see, to hear, to find, to know, to think, to expect, to believe, to assume и т.д. Все эти глаголы ставятся в страдательном залоге;
2) с глаголами to appear, to seem, to prove, to turn out (которые перево- дятся: «оказывается», «по-видимому»). Эти глаголы ставятся в действи- тельном залоге;
3) выражениями:
to be likely - вероятно
to be unlikely - маловероятно
to be certain - несомненно, to be sure - верно, конечно
The experiment proved to be a success. По-видимому, опыт удачен.
The letter is unlikely to reach him to- morrow.
Маловероятно, что письмо дойдет до него.
Оборот с предлогом “for”
Он строится из предлога for, существительного в общем падеже или косвенного местоимения и инфинитива. На русский язык он обычно пере- водится придаточным предложением с союзом «чтобы».
It is necessary for them to come. Необходимо, чтобы они пришли.
Задание А. Переведите на русский язык.
1. One can assume this to be self-evident. 2. One can expect the scope of research to expand steadily. 3. Most people believe the amount of effort in sci- ence to be somehow correlated with the standard of living in the country.
4. Nowadays we see many new areas of research come into being as a result of unexpected break-throughs. 5. One can watch more and more people move into biology from other areas of research. 6. The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to this field of research.
Задание Б. Переведите на русский язык.
1. This decision reflects a desire to make it as easy as possible for members of the association and other guests to attend the congress. 2. For such a large re- search center as this to become heavily involved in a single project in a fashion- able field would be more than just a wrong practice, it would be a disaster.
3. The tendency for pure mathematicians to alienate mathematical research from anything that might be somehow associated with the idea of “utilization” is only too obvious. 4. For any scientific gathering to be a success, the organiz- ing committee must be firm on more than one point. 5. There was a prevalent feeling at that time that for the laboratory to revive its past glory no efforts were intensive enough. 6. With so many people working in the same field, it is enough to come across something new and remark it, for a crowd of other re- searchers to appear from every side to work the thing out before you have had time to reflect on your finding in peace.
Задание В. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Science is known to affect the lives of people. 2. Molecular biology is expected to dominate other sciences. 3. The results of these experiments are found to overlap. 4. The data are assumed to correlate with the present theory.
5. Some people seem to be disappointed in science. 6. He happens to work at the same problem. 7. The work is likely to contribute to the solution of the problem. 8. He is sure to argue about it.
Задание Г. Переведите на русский язык.
1. He is said to have graduated from Oxford University. He is said to avoid all sorts of arguments. 2. They seem to have taken advantage of the favourable conditions. He seems to mention the problem in the last chapter of his book.
3. He appeared to have lost interest in physics altogether. The story may appear to be oversimplified. 4. He is known to have established a school of his own. This scientist is known to be keeping in touch with the latest developments in his field of research.
IV. РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЕ НАУЧНОГО ТЕКСТА НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Задание А. Прочитайте следующие аннотации, составьте возможные модели изложения основного содержания текста.
Frontiers in Magnetism of Reduced Dimension Systems Proceedings of the Nato Advanced Study Institute held in Crimea, Ukraine,
May 25-June 3,1997
Frontiers in Magnetism of Reduced Dimension Systems presents a defini- tive statement of our current knowledge and the state of the art in a field that has yet to achieve maturity, even though there are a number of potential appli- cations of thin magnetic films and multilayers, such as magnetic sensors, data storage/retrieval media, actuators, etc.
The book is organized into 13 chapters, each including a lecture and con- tributed papers on a similar project. Five chapters deal with theoretical descrip- tions of electron transport phenomena, relaxation processes, nonlinear par- amagnetic interactions, phase transistors and macroscopic quantrum effects in magnetic films and particles. The description breeding grounds, when one wants to know a bird’s sex. This book has a worldwide coverage of nearly all breeding population and tries to fill the gap between description and predictive statistics.
It is of interest for all those people handing waders, whether in the museum or in the field when trapping. It is also interesting for taxonomical researchers and workers dealing with breeding studies. People studying other species than waders can also use this book, since they can construct their own databases and produce their own predictions with the POSCON programs enclosed on disk.
Current Topics in Astrofundamental Physics: Primordial Cosmology Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice, Italy, 4-
15 September 1997
The present book provides an up-to-date, fundamental and deep under- standing of current progress and problems in the study of the early universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, large-scale structure, the dark matter problem. The emphasis is on the mutual impact of fundamental physics and cosmology at both theoretical and experiments/observerational levels.
The very nature of the subject area calls for the study of different aspects, using different approaches and points of view. However, the book provides a well-defined programme and a global unifying view, bringing together experi- mentalists and theoreticans, physicists, astrophysicists and astronomers from a variety of backgrounds. The lectures range from a motivation and pedagogical introduction for students and those not directly working in the field, to the latest developments and the most recent results.
Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, Volume 7
Proceedings of “The Seventh International Research Conference on Fi- boonacci Numbers and Their Applications”, Technische Universitat, Graz, Austria, July 15-19, 1996
This volume contains the proceedings of the Seventh International Re- search Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and their Applications. It includes a carefully refereed collection of papers dealing with number patterns, linear re- currences and the application of the Fibonacci Numbers to probability, statis- tics, differential equations, cryptography, computer science and elementary number theory. This volume provides a platform for recent discoveries and en- courages further research. It is a continuation of the work presented in the pre- viously published proceedings of the conferences and shows the growing inter- est in and importance of the pure and applied aspects of Fibonacci Numbers in many different areas of science.
Clifford Algebras and their Application in Mathematical Physics Aachen 1996
Clifford Algebras continues to be a fast-growing discipline, with ever- increasing applications in many scientific fields. This volume contains the lec- tures given at the Fourth Conference on Clifford Algebras and their Applica- tions in Mathematical Physics, held at RWTH Aachen in May,1996. The papers represent an excellent survey of the newest developments around Clifford Analysis and its applications to theoretical physics.
ORAL PRACTICE SPEECH PATTERNS
1. a) Whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is,
…that white man is trash.
b) No matter what he does he is always a success.
c) No matter how hard A/Pinch tried to prove Tom Robinson’s innocence, all his attempts were in vain.
d) No matter how difficult the task is, you must fulfill it.
2. They followed Atticus” route with what seemed to be appreciation.
3. I have nothing but pity… for the chief witness for the state.
I. Make the following sentences complete.
A. 1. No matter who he is he ….... 2. No matter who these people were you ….... 3. No matter who this man may be she ….... 4. No matter who told you that...…. 5....… no matter who you are. 6. …... no matter who they might be. 7. …... no matter who I am. 8.... …no matter who had said it.
B. 1. No matter what I do ….... 2. No matter what you may hear …... .
3. No matter what he suggested...…. 4. No matter what it may seem......... 5.
…... No matter what I said. 6.... no matter what she had expected. 7. …... no matter what he knew. 8....… no matter it might be.
C. 1. No matter how well he knows the facts...…. 2. No matter how fine the weather was ….... 3. No matter how difficult it may seem...…. 4. No matter how dangerous the task was...…. 5. …... how hard he tried. 6....… how unnecessary it might seem …. 7. …... how unwilling he is...…. 8....… how anxious they were.
D. 1....… with what seemed to be indignation. 2....… with what seemed to be utter astonishment. 3. …... with what seemed to be indifference.
E. 1. I have nothing but...…. 2. They felt nothing but...…. 3. The girl was conscious of nothing but ….... 4. The man was afraid of nothing but …...
5. They were afraid that they would have nothing but …....
II. Combine the following sentences into one.
A. Model: I don’t care who this man is, I must tell him not to interfere.
No matter who this man is he mustn’t interfere.
1. It doesn’t matter who told you about it. Don’t believe it. 2. Somebody may come. You must be ready to receive him. 3. It is not important which of you carry out this task. It must be done without delay. 4. I don’t think she must
take these facts for granted. Somebody might tell them to her. 5. She does not care who helps her with her work. She never feels obliged.
B. Model: She works very hard at her phonetics. She makes slow progress as yet.
No matter how hard she works at her phonetics she makes very slow prog- ress as yet.
1. Andrew would come very late. His wife would always sit up for him.
2. I don’t care how late you may come. Ring me up. I’ll be waiting for your call. 3. She is hard to please. She will always find fault with everything I do.
4. You may suggest this or that, it will make no difference. He will always ob- ject.
III. Translate the sentences using the speech patterns.
1. Кто бы ни был этот человек, он не имел права так поступать.
2. Врач всегда должен быть внимателен, кто бы к нему ни обращался, ка- кой бы странной ни казалась жалоба пациента. 4. Где бы вы ни были, ни- когда не забывайте, что у вас есть друзья, готовые прийти на помощь.
5. Что бы вы ни говорили, я все равно вам не поверю. 6. А. Финч знал, что он проиграет процесс, как бы он ни старался доказать, что Том Робинсон невиновен. 7. Как бы она ни устала, она имеет обыкновение убирать квар- тиру, прежде чем лечь спать. 8. Мальчик следил за игрой, казалось, с ог- ромным вниманием. 9. Она приняла известие с видом безразличия.
10. Молодой человек обратился к ней с видом глубокого почтения.
11. Она слушала мой рассказ с видом глубочайшего сочувствия. 12. Она посмотрела ему в глаза с укором (с чем-то похожим на укор). 13. Мне нужна только ваша помощь. 14. Я ничего не хочу, кроме мороженого.
15. Его лицо не выражало ничего, кроме негодования. 16. Только опера- ция может спасти вашего сына. 17. Скажите ему правду, только правду, ничего кроме правды, как бы тяжела она ни была.
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD
By Harper Lee
This is a magnificent, powerful novel of a quiet Southern town in Alabama rocked by a young girl’s accusation of criminal assault.
Tom Robinson, a Negro, who was charged with raping a white girl, old Bob Ewell’s daughter, could have a court-appointed defence. When Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch, an experienced smart lawyer and a very clever man, he was sure that Atticus would not win the case, he could not win it but he was also sure that Atticus would do his best. At least Atticus was the only man in those parts who could keep a jury out so long in a case like that. Atticus was eager to take up this case in spite of the threats of the Ku-Klus-Klan.
He, too, was sure he would not win, because as he explained it to his son afterwards: “In our courts when it is a white man’s word against a black man’s, the white man always wins. The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box. As you grow older you’ll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t forget it – whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash.
There is nothing more sickening to me than a low-grade white man who’ll take advantage of a Negro’s ignorance.
Don’t fool yourselves – it’s all adding up and one of these days we’ll going to pay for it”.
Atticus’son Jem and his daughter Jean Louise, nicknamed Scout, were pre- sent at the trial and it is Jean Louse, who describes it …
Atticus was halfway through his speech to the jury. He had evidently pulled some papers from his briefcase that rested beside his chair, because they were on his table. Tom Robinson was toying with them.
“… absence of any corroborative evidence, this man was indicted on a capital charge and is now on trial for his life…”
I punched Jem. “How long’s he been at it?”
“He’s just gone over the evidence,” Jem whispered.
We looked down again. Atticus was speaking easily, with the kind of de- tachment he used when he dictated a letter. He walked slowly up and down in front of the jury, and the jury seemed to be attentive: their heads were up and they followed Atticus’s route with what seemed to be appreciation. I guess it was because Atticus wasn’t a thunderer.
Atticus paused, then he did something he didn’t ordinarly do. He unhitched his watch and chain and placed them on the table, saying, “With the court’s permission – “
Judge Taylor nodded and then Atticus did something I never saw him do before or since, in public or in private: he unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosened his tie, and took off his coat. He never loosened a scrap of his clothing until he undressed at bedtime and to Jem and me, this was equivalent of him standing before us stark naked. We exchanged horrified glances.
Atticus put his hands in his pockets and as he returned to the jury, I saw his gold collar button and the tips of his pen and pencil winking in the light.
“Gentlemen,” he said. Jem and I again looked at each other: Atticus might have said “Scout”. His voice had lost its aridity, its detachment and he was talking to the jury as if they were folks on the post office corner.
“Gentlemen,” he was saying, “I shall be brief but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that this case is not a difficult one, it re- quires no minute sifting of complicated facts but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. To begin with, this case should never have come to trial. This case is as simple as black and white.
“The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross-examination but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant. The defendant is not guilty but somebody in this courtroom is.
“I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake which she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt.
“I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance but I can- not pity her: she is white. She knew full well the enormity of her offense but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted in breaking it. She persisted and her subsequent reaction is something that all of us have known at one time or another. She did something every child has done – she tried to put the evidence of her offense away from her. But in this case she was no child hiding stolen contraband: she struck out at her victim – of necessity she must put him away from her – he must be removed from her pres- ence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offense.
“What was the evidence of her offense?” Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was her daily re- minder of what she did. What did she do? She tempted a Negro.
“She was white and she tempted a Negro. She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man. Not an old Uncle but a strong Negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it but it came crashing down on her afterwards.
“Her father saw it, and the defendant has testified as to his remarks. What did her father do? We don’t know but there is circumstantial evidence to indi- cate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclu- sively with his left. We do know in part what Mr Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do under the circum- stances – he swore out a warrant, no doubt signing it with his left hand and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only hand he pos- sesses – his right hand.
“And so a quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated te- merity to feel sorry for a white man has had to put his word against two white people’s. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand – you saw them for yourselves. The witnesses for the state, with the exception for yourselves. The witnesses for the state, with the exception of the sheriff of Maycomb County, have presented themselves to you gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption – the evil as- sumption – that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption one associates with minds of their caliber.
“Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson’s skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women – black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this court- room who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire.”
Atticus paused and took out his handkerchief. Then he took off his glasses and wiped them, and we saw another “first”: we had never seen him sweat – he was one of those men whose faces never perspired but now it was shining tan.
“One more thing, gentlemen, before I quit. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the Yankees and the distaff side of the Executive branch in Washington are fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use this phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. The most ridiculous example I can think of is that the people who ran public education promote the stupid and idle along with the in- dustrious – because all men are created equal, educators will gravely tell you, the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of inferiority. We know all men are not created equal in the sense some people would have us believe – some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they’re born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others – some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of most men.
“But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal – there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institute, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honor- able court which you serve. Our courts have their faults, as does any human in-
stitution but in this country our courts are the great levellers and in our courts all men are created equal.
“I’m no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system – that is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it. I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty.”
Atticus’s voice had dropped and as he turned away from the jury he said something I did not catch. He said it more to himself than to the court. I punched Jem.
“What’d he say?”
“’In the name of God, believe him,’ I think that’s what he said.”
What happened after that had a dreamlike quality; in a dream I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers, and Judge Taylor’s voice came from far away and was tiny. I saw something only a lawyer’s child could be expected to see, could be expected to watch for, and it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger but watching all the time knowing that the gun was empty.
A jury never looks at a defendant it has convicted and when this jury came in, not one of them looked at Tom Robinson. The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr. Tate who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge. …...
I shut my eyes. Judge Taylor was polling the jury: “Guilty... guilty…... guilty…... guilty…...” I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each “guilty” was a separate stab between them.
Judge Taylor was saying something. His gravel was in his fist but he wasn’t using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus pushing papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut, went to the court reporter and said something, nodded to Mr. Gilmer and then went to Tom Robinson and whispered some- thing to him. Atticus put his hand on Tom’s shoulder as he whispered. Atticus took his coat off the back of his chair and pulled it over his shoulder. Then he left the courtroom but not by his usual exit. He must have wanted to go home the short way because he walked quickly down the middle aisle toward the south exit. I followed the top pf his head as he made his way to the door. He did not look up.
Someone was punching me, but I was reluctant to take my eyes from the people below us and from the image of Atticus’s lonely walk down the aisle.
“Miss Jean Louise?”
I looked around. They were standing. All around us and in the balcony on the opposite wall, the Negroes were getting to their feet. Reverend Syke’s voice was as distant as Judge Taylor’s.
“Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father’s passing.”
Word Combinations and Phrases
to take up smth. to begin with
one’s word against smb. else’s (e.g. to persist in smth. (doing smth.)
It is my word against yours.) at one time or another to get a square deal in part
to take advantage of smth. under the circumstances
in public to take the oath
in private in itself
stark naked (mad, etc.) no better than
the (one’s) remaining time to be reluctant to do smth. (money, etc.)
I. Translate into English using the word combinations and phrases given above.
1. Если вы хотите заняться английским языком, я могу вам помочь. – Спасибо, я воспользуюсь вашим предложением. 2. Само по себе его пред- ложение интересно, но оно не лучше вашего. 3. Я хочу использовать ос- тавшееся время, чтобы обсудить с вами этот вопрос с глазу на глаз.
4. Надо быть совершенно сумасшедшим, чтобы отказываться от такой возможности. - Я частично с вами согласен, но при данных обстоятельст- вах мне не хотелось ею воспользоваться. 5. Вы выступаете против того, что утверждает он, но это все слова, вы не приводите никаких доказа- тельств. 6. Моя приятельница хочет заняться пением (музыкой, живопи- сью, преподаванием, медициной). 7. Он публично признал свою вину. 8. В чем вы его обвиняете? - Во-первых (начать с того, что), он солгал, что плохо само по себе. 9. Следует использовать каждую возможность гово- рить по-английски. 10. Не выговаривайте своему сыну при людях, сделай- те ему замечание дома. 11. Финч хотел, чтобы с обвиняемым поступили справедливо. 12. Время от времени он принимался за изучение иностран- ных языков, но, позанимавшись с месяц, бросал.
II. Study the text and answer the following questions.
1. Where does the story take place?
2. What was this quiet southern town in Alabama rocked by?
3. What was Tom Robinson charged with?
4. What kind of defence could Tom Robinson have?
5. Whom did Judge Taylor appoint to defend Tom Robinson?
6. What did Atticus Finch tell the jury about the indictment?
7. What kind of trial was Tom Robinson on?
8. In what way did Atticus Finch speak to the jury?
9. What showed that the jury seemed to be attentive?
10. What was that Atticus Finch did that his children had never seen him do before or since, in public or in private?
11. What did Atticus Finch say about the case?
12. What did the absence of medical evidence testify to?
13. Upon what testimony did the state rely?
14. What did Atticus Finch say was guilty?
15. What did Atticus Finch say about the chief witness for the state?
16. What did the girl do to get rid of her own guilt?
17. What code did Mayella Ewell break?
18. Why did she determine to put a man’s life at stake?
19. What was she ready to do to destroy the evidence of her offence?
20. What “crime” did she commit?
21. With which hand did old Bob Ewell sign the warrant and beat his daughter?
22. Which was Tom Robinson’s only good hand?
23. What were the witnesses for the state sure of when giving their testi- mony?
24. What was the evil assumption of the witnesses for the state?
25. What was the truth the jury knew as well as Atticus himself?
26. What did Tomas Jefferson once say?
27. How did certain people use this phrase?
28. What did Atticus Finch say about people being not created equal?
29. What institution ought to make all men equal?
30. What did Atticus Finch say about a court?
31. Why didn’t Atticus believe firmly in the integrity of their courts and in the jury system?
32. What did Atticus Finch say about a jury?
III. Explain what is meant by:
1. to get a square deal; 2. He never loosened a scrap of his clothing until he undressed at bedtime; 3.... evidence has not only been called into serious ques- tion on cross examination…; 4....… my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake; 5. Minds of their caliber; 6. Another “first”; 7.
…... in this country our courts are the great levellers.
IV. Translate the text into Russian.
On August 5, 1867, President Andrew Johnson, - convinced that Edwin M.Standon, the Secretary of War, was seeking to become the almighty dictator of the conquered South – asked for his immediate resignation but Stanton de- clined to resign before the next meeting of Congress. Then the President sus- pended Stanton and appointed in his place the one man whom Stanton did not dare resist – General Grant. But on January 13, 1868, an angry Senate insisted on Stanton’s return. Then President Johnson who was anxious to obtain a court test of the act he believed obviously unconstitutional, again notified Stanton that he had been removed from the office of Secretary of War.
The Congress charged the President with having violated the law and bro- ken the will of the Congress.
With the President indicted by the House, the trial for his conviction or ac- quittal began on March 5, 1868 in the Senate, presided over by the Chief Jus- tice, though the actual cause for which the President was being tried was miss- ing.
But every other element of the highest court-room drama of those days was present. To each Senator the Chief Justice administered an oath “… to do im- partial justice”. The Chief Prosecutor for the House was General Butler, a Con- gressman from Massachusetts. But as the trial progressed, it became apparent, that the Republicans were not going to give the President a square deal, but in- tended to depose him from the White House on any grounds, real or imagined.
Telling evidence in the President’s favour was excluded as the integrity of that court was doubtful, attempted bribery and other forms of pressure were rampant. The chief interest was not in the trial of evidence but in the tallying of votes necessary for conviction.
27 states (excluding the unrecognized Southern states) in the Union meant 54 members of the Senate and 36 votes were required to constitute the two- thirds majority necessary for conviction.
All twelve Democratic votes were lost and the 42 Republicans knew that they could afford to lose only six of their own members if Johnson were to be convicted.
But six Republicans indicated that the evidence so far introduced was not sufficient. The voting commenced …
By the time the Chief Justice reached the name of Edmund Ross, Senator of Kansas, 24 “guilties” had been pronounced, 10 more were certain and one another practically certain, so only Ross’s vote was needed to obtain the 36 votes necessary to convict the President.
When the Chief Justice put the question to him: “Mr Senator Ross, how say you? Is the President guilty or not guilty?” every voice was still, every eye
was upon the Senator from Kansas. Then Ross answered unhesitatingly, “Not guilty!”.
The deed was done, the President saved, the trial as good as over and the conviction lost. (after J.F.Kennedy, Profiles in Courage).
V. Give the English for:
1. Заглавная буква, великолепная речь, удачная шутка, смертная казнь, преступление, караемое смертью.
2. Подтверждающие (прямые) улики; медицинские доказательства, косвенные улики.
3. Испытательный полет, испытание верности, испытание мужества, испытывать терпение, слушать дело, судить преступника, трудный (тяже- лый) день, трудное положение, тяжелое испытание, невыносимый ребе- нок.
4. Обменять покупку, взамен, поменять квартиру, обменяться взгля- дами, обменяться мнениями.
5. Чувствовать себя виноватым, казаться виноватым, виноватая улыб- ка, нечистая совесть, виноватый вид.
6. Смехотворное положение, нелепая идея.
VI. Interpret the following:
1. Tom Robinson could have a court-appointed defence. 2. Atticus was the only man in those parts who could keep a jury out so long in a case like that. 3. Don’t fool yourselves, it’s all adding up and one of these days we are going to pay for it. 4. I guess it was because Atticus wasn’t a thunderer. 5. The defendant is not guilty but somebody in this court-room is. 6. Mayella was beaten sav- agely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left. 7. The witnesses for the state have presented themselves to this court in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted. 8. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use this phrase (‘all men are created equal’) out of context, to satisfy all conditions. 9. A court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. 10. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. 11. I saw something only a lawyer’s child could be expected to see. 12. “Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father is passing.”
VII. Make the following sentences complete.
1. I hate the idea that you should take advantage of.... 2. To begin with
...…. 3. No matter who...…. 4. Under the circumstances...…. 5. …... in itself
...…. 6.... no better than...…. 7. …... with what seemed to be ….... 8....… no matter why...…. 9. …... at one time or another. 10....… beyond any doubt. 11.
41
No matter how hard...…. 12. She was reluctant ….... 13. …... persisted in
...…. 14. No jury would ….... 15. It was really a trying day ….... 16....… in public …... in private …....
VIII. Paraphrase the following sentences using your active vocabulary.
1. Bob Ewell laid the blame on Tom Robinson. 2. The man was indicted with capital offence. 3. The witness gave evidence that the man who was standing his trial was guilty. 4. He was guilty of a serious breaking of the law.
5. When a man violates the law he is brought to an institution where law cases are heard. 6. He was acquitted by the body of twelve persons sworn to render verdict in court of justice. 7. Atticus Finch knew that he raised his own life try- ing to defend a Negro. 8. Steve knew that his only chance to prove that he was not guilty of the crime he was accused of was to find a smart man who could take up his defense in court. 9. He tried to use the ignorance of the old man in his own interests. 10. In spite of many failures he went on with his experiments as he was sure he was right. 11. In an American court a Negro will never have even chances with a white man. 12. The defendant told the jury that he was not guilty. 13. No wonder she looks so tired. Her son is full of cunning and tricks, he is quite unbearable. 14. As there was no evidence against the man he was delivered from the charge by the verdict of the jury. 15. Your idea is rather foolish and deserves to be laughed at.
IX. Express in one word.
1. causing trouble, difficult to endure; 2. To say smb. is guilty of a crime;
3. To give evidence in court; 4. The body of twelve persons sworn to pass ver- dict in the court of justice; 5. A person sued in a law suit; 6. Indication, signs, facts available as proof in court; 7. An institution where law cases are heard. 8. To bring a charge against smb. 9. Testing experiment, law court’s investigation;
10. A person who stands his trial; 11. A defect, or imperfection in character, appearance; misdeed; 12. Unworthy of serious thought, silly, laughable; 13. In- quire into a case in a law-court; 14. To declare not guilty; 15. To give or take one thing instead of another.
X. Make up a story using your active vocabulary.
XI. Answer the following questions using your active vocabulary.
1. What do you call a person who defends a man in court?
2. What do you call a person who stands his trial in a court of justice?
3. What happens to a person if he violates the law?
4. What do you call the procedure in a courtroom held to find out whether a defendant is guilty or not guilty?
5. What is a jury?
6. Who passes the verdict in court?
7. What is a courtroom?
8. What do you call the statement of the punishment in a court of law?
9. What is a capital crime?
10. What do you call the words of a witness in court?
11. When is a defendant who stands his trial convicted and when is he ac- quitted?
12. What do you do if you have bought a pair of shoes that pinch?
13. How do you spell the initial letters in proper names?
14. What do you call an idea that makes you laugh or seems strange?
15. What do you call a child that causes much trouble?
XII. Disprove the following facts and give your reason for doing so. Ex- press your disagreement by first using ‘yes’ or ‘no’ (see list a), then a suitable word or a phrase from list b. (Don’t forget that disagreeing with an affirmative remark one says ‘no’ and vice versa.
a) (Oh) yes, it is (she did, he was, etc.) (Oh) no, it isn’t (she didn’t, he wasn’t, etc.) But it is (she did, he was, etc.).
But it isn’t (she didn’t, he wasn’t, etc.)
Model: 1. The tape-recorder doesn’t work.
- (Oh) yes, it does (but it does).
2. The jury found the prisoner guilty.
- (Oh no, it didn’t (but it didn’t).
b) I disagree with you It makes no sense! (on that point). By no means.
I differ from you. On no account…
(I’m afraid) you are On the contrary…
wrong (mistaken) Far from it.
There’s something in Certainly (surely) not.
what you say, but... Just the other way round.
Why should he (she, etc.)? Not in the least.
It’s out of question. Stuff and nonsense!
Impossible! Rubbish!
Unlikely! I (rather) doubt it.
Stuff! I don’t think so.
Nonsense! I shouldn’t say so.
1. Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch to defend Tom Robinson, because he wanted the Negro to be convicted. 2. An American court is really a place where a man be he any colour of the rainbow or poor as a church mouse can get a square deal. 3. There was a lot of evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson was charged with had really taken place. 4. Mayella Ewell was un- aware of the fact that she was breaking the code when she tried to tempt a Ne- gro. 5. Mayella Ewell did not suspect that she was putting Tom Robinson’s life at stake. 6. Atticus Finch was confident that Tom Robinson would be acquitted.
7. A jury never convicts an innocent man. 8. The integrity of a capitalist court is doubtless. 9. Miscegenation is no criminal offence in the Southern states of the USA. 10. The American constitution states that all men are created equal and this article is strictly observed throughout the country.
XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
А. 1. Человек, нарушающий закон, преследуется по суду. 2. Его обви- няли в небрежности (грубости, эгоизме, невнимательности). 3. Я считаю ваши обвинения против него совершенно беспочвенными. 4. Сакко и Ван- цетти было предъявлено обвинение в преступлении, которого они никогда не совершали. 5. Так как обвинение против него не было доказано, дело было прекращено и он был оправдан. 6. Интересно, каким будет решение суда по этому делу? 7. Суд присяжных заседателей вынес решение, что подсудимый невиновен. 8. Дезертира судил военный трибунал, и его при- говорили к смертной казни. 9. Его дело слушалось в Верховном Суде.
10. Клайда Гриффитси привлекли к суду по обвинению в убийстве Робер- ты. 11. Великолепная пьеса Островского «Без вины виноватые» неизменно пользуется большим успехом. 12. Уверяю вас, все это случилось не по мо- ей вине. 13. У нее несносный характер, она всегда ко всем придирается.
14. Не вините меня (не порицайте) за то, чего я не делала. Я совсем не ви- новата. 15. Вам следует винить только себя за то, что вы не сдали экзамен.
16. Ее сын - несносный ребенок, я удивляюсь, как она все это терпит.
17. Должен признаться, что это был поистине тяжелый день. 18. Не испы- тывай так долго мое терпение. 19. Испытательный полет показал хорошие качества машины. 20. Они поменяли квартиру в прошлом году и теперь живут рядом с нами. 21. Могу я обменять эту вещь на что-либо другое?
22. На прошлой неделе состоялась встреча передовиков производства
(Advanced workers) для обмена опытом. 23. Его виновность несомненна.
24. Мне нужны доказательства его вины. 25. Его признали виновным к краже. 26. Против подсудимого было много улик, и его защитнику не уда- лось выиграть дело. 27. Показания этого свидетеля были веской уликой
против обвиняемого. 28. Кит (Keith) полагал, что если он уничтожит письмо Ларри, то улик против его брата уже не будет. 29. Как мы ни ста- рались доказать ему, что он неправ, он ст
