II. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык

V. Corrections Today (Система исполнения наказаний за рубежом)

1. Prisons in Great Britain

The British Government tries to provide humane and efficient prison service. In 2003 the average prison population in England and Wales was about 51,000 people.

Prisons to which offenders may be committed directly by court are known as «local prisons»; all are closed. Other prisons, closed or open, receive prisoners on transfer from local prisons. Open prisons do not have physical barriers to prevent escape. In England, Scotland and Wales sentenced prisoners are classified into groups for security purposes. There are separate prisons for women. There are no open prisons in Northern Ireland, where the majority of offenders are serving sentences for terrorist crimes.

People awaiting trial are to have privileges, not granted to convicted prisoners, and are separated from them. Those who are under 21 are separated from older prisoners.

The biggest problem of British prisons is overcrowding. Many of the prisons were built in the 19^th century and need major repairs today. So new facilities are to be built. The Government has invited the private sector to participate in the building and management of prisons if security and humane treatment of inmates are provided there.

(P. W. D. Reymond «General Principles of English Law»)

2. Privileges and Discipline in Prisons

In Great Britain prisoners may write and receive letters and be visited by relatives and friends. Those in open institutions may make telephone calls. Privileges include a personal radio, books, periodicals and newspapers and the opportunity to make purchases from the canteen with the money earned in prison. Depending on the facilities, prisoners may be granted the further privileges of dining and recreation together with other inmates, and watching television. Breaches of disciplines are dealt with by the prison governor.

In British prisons there is permanent public control over prison authorities in the matters of granting and taking away of prison privileges. Special Boards of visitors are formed to exercise this control. Boards of visitors consist of lay people, two of whom must be magistrates.

(A. Coyle «A Human Approach to Prison Management»)

3. Prison Industries and Education in Great Britain

Prison industries are to give inmates work experience which will help them upon release and to reduce the cost of the prison system. The main industries are clothing and textile manufacture, engineering, woodwork, laundering, and farming. Most of the production is for internal needs and other public services. A few prisoners are employed outside prison. Small payments are made for work.

Education is financed by the prison service and staffed by local education authorities. In every correctional institution the education officer is assisted by a team of teachers. Education is compulsory and full-time for young offenders below school-leaving age. For older offenders it is voluntary. Libraries and computer facilities are available in all establishments. Vocational training courses are taught by civilian instructors. Physical education is voluntary for adult offenders, but compulsory for young offenders.

(A. Coyle «A Human Approach to Prison Management»)

4. Prisons and Alternatives to Custody

The last 20 years have seen a massive expansion in the use of imprisonment across the world. In the United States of America, for example, the number of prisoners has risen from half a million in 1980 to two million today. The number of prisoners in Thailand has increased from 73,000 in 1992 to 275,000 in 2002. In Western Europe the number of prisoners has become larger in such countries as the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The use of prisons varies greatly from country to country. Russia and the United States, for example, have imprisonment rates of almost 700 per 100,000 of their populations. Other countries have much lower rates, with India at 28, Indonesia at 29, Iceland at 38 and Denmark, Finland and Norway all at 59 per 100,000 people.

In some countries imprisonment is used only for those who have committed very serious crimes. Other countries choose to use imprisonment for large numbers of offenders who have committed minor offences, including men and women who are mentally ill, those who are drug addicts and even those who are children and juveniles.

In most countries prison administrations have been unable to cope with the rising numbers of prisoners and the result is overcrowding. One way to solve this problem is a more extensive use of alternatives to custody, such as fines, community work, compulsory attendance of rehabilitation centres, etc.

(A. Coyle «A Human Approach to Prison Management»)

5. Tracking Humans: the Use of Electronic Bracelets

Alternatives to incarceration such as the use of fines, community services and compensation to the victims of crime are the products of the social movements of the 1960s. The newest sanction – «electronic monitoring» – is a product of the 1990s. The electronic monitoring system requires the offender to wear an electronic bracelet around his or her ankle or wrist. The monitoring is usually of two types – passive and active.

The passive system provides for random telephone monitoring of a specific offender. The active system provides continuous information as to where exactly the offender is. Usually the range is from 150 to 200 feet.

Electronic monitoring allows the offender to remain at home where he or she can continue to hold employment and take care of the children. Violent crimes committed by monitored offenders are rare. About one out of two electronically-monitored offenders commit crimes, and the vast majority of these new offences are non-violent.

(R. R. Roberg, J. Kuykendal «Police organization

 and Management. Behavior, Theory, and Process»)

6. A Brief History of Alcatraz

Alcatraz was a maximum security prison for the worst criminals in the United States. The island of Alcatraz is located in San Francisco Bay. By the late 1850s, the first military prisoners were housed on the island and its role as a prison continued for more than 100 years. In 1909 the military prisoners built a new prison, which later became to be known as «the Rock».

In 1933 the Federal Government decided to open a maximum-security, minimum-privilege prison to deal with the most incorrigible inmates in Federal prisons, and to show to the public that the Federal Government was serious about stopping the crime of the 1920s and 1930s. J. Edgar Hoover, the aggressive young director of the FBI in the 1930s, persuaded the President and US Attorney General that America needed a «super prison» and that Alcatraz could be one. Several well-known criminals, such as Al Capone, did time on Alcatraz.

At Alcatraz, a prisoner had four rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care. Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned: working, corresponding with and having visits from family members, access to the prison library, and recreation activities such as painting and music. Any and all «privileges» could be taken away for the most minor violations of discipline. In the first few years of the prison talking to other prisoners was also considered «a privilege».

At that time most penitentiaries had one guard for every ten convicts; on Alcatraz they had one for every three prisoners. There were 6 official counts per day, but unofficial counts increased the daily number up to 30.

When a man was no longer a threat and could follow the rules (usually after an average of 5 years on Alcatraz), he could then be transferred back to another federal prison to finish his sentence and be released. There were, however, prisoners who decided to escape from the prison. Over 1934–1963 when this federal prison operated, 36 men (including two who tried to escape twice) were involved in 14 separate escape attempts. 23 were caught, 6 were shot and killed during their escape, and 2 drowned.

In March 1963, Alcatraz closed after 29 years of operation. It was closed because the institution was too expensive. The major expense was caused by the physical isolation of the island. This isolation meant that everything (food, supplies, fresh water, fuel, etc.) had to be brought to Alcatraz by boat.

(M. P. Roth «Crime and Punishment.

A History of the Criminal Justice System»)

7. Drug Control in Correctional Institutions

The control of drug substances within a correctional institution is a very serious problem and one that every correctional officer should know about.

Drugs can be divided into two main groups: legal and illegal drugs. Legal drugs are substances that are used for medical purposes. They include prescription drugs, antibiotics, pain killers, aspirin, etc. These drugs are usually taken in the presence of a member of the medical staff. Illegal drugs are taken for drug-induced effect. They are cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and narcotics.

 There is a variety of physical and behavioral symptoms which characterize drug abuse. Correctional officers should be aware of some of the most common symptoms: changes in physical appearance, emotional extremes, mood changes, appetite extremes, fear complex, changes in the speech pattern. In addition to symptoms indicating individual drug abuse, there are also symptoms which signal an increase in drug use among the inmates. A correctional officer should look for the following signs: increased gang activity, increase in amounts of cash being confiscated, increase in requests forprotective custody.

Drugs can be brought into the institution in a number of ways and by almost anyone having access into the institution:

1. Visitors passing drugs in the visiting room.

2. Inmates returning from the community.

3. Mail or packages concealing drugs.

4. Drugs stolen from the institution’s hospital.

Just as there are many ways of bringing drugs into the institution, there are also numerous places where these drugs can be concealed. This is why it is important for correctional officers to conduct thorough searches of all people entering the institution.

(M. P. Roth «Crime and Punishment.

A History of the Criminal Justice System»)

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